We propose a white-light interferometric demodulation algorithm for high-finesse fiber-optic F-P sensors, in order to improve the demodulation accuracy and the dynamic range encountered in traditional demodulation techniques. The interferometric spectral signal of the high-finesse F-P cavity was converted to the frequency domain and then a more accurate cavity length was estimated based on full phase on higher-order components. A detailed theoretical analysis was operated. A high-finesse F-P temperature sensor based on a silicon diaphragm was fabricated and tested to verify the proposed method. The demodulation accuracy increases with the increase of order, and the anti-noise performance is improved. For the third-order component, the optical path difference sensitivity obtained by this algorithm is 0.231 ± 0.0188 μm / ° C, and the average error rate of cavity length demodulation value is 0.0152%. The proposed algorithm is applicable to demodulate the high-finesse F-P cavities in the light source bandwidth of 1525 to 1575 nm, providing high accuracy and improved anti-noise performance.
Marine sliding bearings re prone to wear in harsh environments. A real-time in-situ measurement method of sliding bearing wear, based on chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG), was proposed. The CFBG wear detection sensor and the corresponding demodulation system were designed and fabricated. The CFBG was sealed to ensure that wear synchronously with the sliding bearing. The relationship between the bandwidth and length of the CFBG was established and adopted to calculate the wear length. Meanwhile, a Savitzky–Golay filter was applied to denoising to improve the accuracy of the demodulation system. Experimental results showed that the sensor could achieve high precision real-time bearing detection and fault warning. With a chirp rate of 10 nm / cm and a bandwidth resolution of 20 pm, a wear range >8 mm and an accuracy of 0.3 mm could be obtained.
Against the poor noise immunity of the vibration measurement algorithm based on video phase, this paper proposes an algorithm based on enhanced fast empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert phase-based motion estimation (EFEMD-HPME). EFEMD decomposes the multicomponent video image into a single-component image, and then the local phase information of single component image is extracted through Hilbert transform, which has superior noise immunity compared with the spectral decomposition technique of the band-pass filter. Experiments show that the algorithm proposed in this article has a signal-to-noise ratio improvement of about 30% and a relative error of less than 0.5% compared with the HPME, which is of great significance for improving the robustness of video vibration measurement in general measurement environments.
In-line digital holography is wildly used to measure object field. While it might on one hand is outstanding in non-contact, simple structure and high resolution, on the other hand its zero-order terms, real and conjugated images are aliased together, also the information of real image is not legible. Compressive holography applies optimization algorithms to eliminate the interference from in-line digital holography imaging, its algorithm model requires zero-padding to avoid cyclic convolution artifacts. Based on the equally divided block compression holography model, this paper illustrates a combination of zeropadding and data-padding, that fulfils a certain amount of redundant information sub-hologram based on the equidistant hologram. The redundant information protects the boundary in the compression holographic model operation, and achieves the high-resolution reconstruction of the in-line hologram. In addition, the method can reconstruct in-line hologram, plus the lateral resolution can reach 1 μm in bubble sample experiment. This is a thirtyfold increase compared to the national standard GBT 15489.2-1995. The relative error of bubble diameter measurement is only 0.48%, which is substantially lower than the traditional techniques.
Aiming at the multipath effect existing in underwater wireless optical communication system, the small angle approximation method was used to simulate the multipath effect under different water quality and communication distance, and a new MDPCM modulation system was designed to suppress the multipath effect by changing the guaranteed time slot. The experimental results showed that the anti-multipath effect ability of the system could be improved and its bit error rate could be reduced by changing the guaranteed time slot in the MDPCM.
Digital holography can record and display three-dimensional information of objects, and is widely used in many fields. Due to the coherence of the light source, the digital hologram is destroyed by speckle noise, which seriously influences the quality of the reconstructed image. In order to remove speckle noise, in this paper, we combine random overlapping masks and 3D block matching filtering. This method uses only one hologram, which is simple and time-saving. The experimental results show that when the image noise is large, the proposed method can still achieve higher peak signalto-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM), especially the structural similarity, reaching 0.99, and meanwhile the relative deviation and visual effect both are excellent.
Off-axis dual-wavelength digital holography (oaDWDH) can enable quantitative phase imaging on thickness samples without numerical phase unwrapping in a single shot. However, the traditional oaDWDH is huge and unstable owing to its separated-path geometries. In this paper, we presented a compact oaDWDH using wavefront-splitting in the quasi common-path. In our approach, a dual-wavelength spherical wave is split into two parts to act as the reference wave and the object wave, respectively. Only a few such optical elements as a mirror and a beam splitter are employed to adjust and recombine the two waves, and a hologram containing two-wavelength information is then captured by a monochromatic CCD camera. The information of a specimen, including phase and height, can be reconstructed through a division algorithm with the help of a specimen-free multiplexed interferogram. In order to verify the feasibility of the system, observations were performed on the step samples. The height of the sample is obtained quantitatively, and finally compared with the measured height result of the step sample by AFM to prove the accuracy of the measurement result.
Dual-wavelength digital holography has advantages over single-wavelength digital holography in resolving phase discontinuities at high aspect-ratio. However, the operations are very time-consuming and cannot achieve real-time processing. We realized the phase reconstruction of dual-wavelength off-axis holograms on Java platform, and used GPU to accelerate the computation-intensive part. Preliminary experiments show we can reconstruct 1 mega pixel holograms continuously at a speed of 41 fps, which can satisfy the stable video-rate. Through Java, the system can be easily combined with numerous plugins of ImageJ, such as filters, LUT for pseudo-color, 3D tools, etc. This is of great help to the subsequent image analysis and processing.
An autofocusing method using correlation coefficient (CC) is proposed for dual-wavelength off-axis digital holography. The complex amplitudes of the object wave relative to the two wavelengths are first retrieved at different reconstruction distances, and the correlation degrees are then calculated between the two complex amplitudes. Considered the diffraction independency between the two wavelengths, the maximum CC is employed to automatically determine the focus plane. Our method can be applicable for the amplitude, phase, or both mixed sample. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can enable automatically autofocusing with higher resolution in contrast to the state-of-the-art method.
We build a two-wavelength off-axis quasi-common-path digital holography for quantitative phase imaging (QPI) using polarization-multiplexing and flipping. The interference is performed by flipping the relative position of a sample and reference beam, and the dual-wavelength information is spatially multiplexed onto a monochromatic CCD camera simultaneously using polarization-multiplexing. Due to orthogonal interference fringes of two-wavelengths, the unwrapped information on the phase and thickness for the sample can be extracted from a single interferogram. Our setup requires no pinholes, gratings or dichroic mirror with straightforward alignment. Additionally, a division algorithm for dual-wavelength off-axis digital holography with the help of a specimen-free multiplexed interferogram is proposed to extract the phase of a specimen. We demonstrate the operation of the setup with step target and circular pillar.
An extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric fibre microphone based on polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS, diaphragm was proposed. The large free-standing PDMS diaphragm, with a diameter of 4 mm, is prepared by a simple “spin-strip” process. The experimental result shows that the fabricated sensor has a high dynamic pressure sensitivity of about -136 dB re 1 rad/μPa in the range of 100~2000Hz. The noise equivalent acoustic signal level of the microphone, limited by the environmental noise, is about 1000 μPa/Hz1/2. And the dynamic range is tested to be more than 47.48 dB. The proposed microphone is expected to be used in the field of weak acoustic pressure testing.
We propose a security-enhanced optical interference-based multiple-image encryption (IBMIE) using a modified multiplane phase retrieval algorithm (MPPRA) in the Fresnel transform domain. In this IBMIE scheme, while a phase-only mask (POM) distributing randomly between [ 0 , 2π ] is fixed, the other POM is iteratively extracted based on a modified mMPPRA, and thus, multiple plaintexts are simultaneously encrypted into two POMs with different distances to the image planes. At last, the retrieved POM is pixel scrambled by chaotic pixel scrambling (CPS). During image decryption, the decrypted images can be obtained at their preset positions by an intensity detector directly. The silhouette of the original images cannot be obtained using either of the two POMs. The parameters of both CPS and Fresnel transform can serve as security keys to enhance the security. Numerical simulation is presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed mMPPRA-based IBMIE.
A double-image encryption method is reported using chaotic maps, nonlinear non-DC joint transform correlator (JTC), and fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). The double images are converted into the amplitude and phase of a synthesized function through the application of chaotic pixel scrambling. The synthesized function bonded with a chaotic random phase mask (CRPM) and another different CRPM serve as the input signal of the JTC architecture in the fractional Fourier domain to obtain a real-valued encrypted image. The nonlinear and non-DC operation is also done to improve the security and decrypted image quality. The parameters in joint FrFT correlator and chaotic map serve as the encrypted keys. Numerical simulations have been done to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of this algorithm.
A parallel common path phase-shifting interferometer is presented using a digital reflective grating realized by a digital micromirror device (DMD). The interferometer based on a modified Michelson architecture is constructed by a beamsplitter, a pinhole mirror, a digital reflective Ronchi grating and two lenses with same focal length to build a 4f optical system. In the interferometer, the pinhole mirror is used to low-filter the input-beam to act as reference beam, and the grating is used to introduce phase shift among +1, 0, and −1 diffraction orders of the input-beam to act as object beam. Then the specimen phase can be reconstructed from the three phase-shifted interferograms recorded in one shot using a normalize algorithm. The theoretical analysis and experiments are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method.
A reflective off-axis point-diffraction interferometer based on Michelson architecture is built to measure static and dynamic quantitative phase in a single shot. The interferometer is constructed by a beam-splitter, a pinhole mirror, a reflective mirror and two lenses to build a 4f optical system. The pinhole mirror is used as a low-pass spatial filter to generate reference wave. By tilting the reflective mirror, a small angle is created between the object beam and the reference beam to enable an off-axis interferogram. To reconstruct an interferogram with a few fringes, Kreis Fourier method is used to recovery the specimen phase. Using a plano-convex cylinder lens and an evaporative alcohol drop as the specimens, experiments are run to verify the effectiveness and robustness with this interferometer. Experimental results show that this interferometer has not only simple setup and good anti-interference performance, but also good real-time ability, which makes it suitable for dynamic phase measurement.
In order to study the effect of reflector angle on the performance of two fiber distance sensor with single mode illumination, a theoretical model approximating the illumination light exiting the single mode fiber as having a Gaussian intensity profile is established to describe the intensity modulation performance by taking the reflector angle into consideration, and measurements were made to verify the validity of the theoretical model. Numerical simulation results indicate that although the effect of reflector angle α on the sensitivity becomes weaker when α is positive, the blind region, linear range, peak position and sensitivity decreases as the reflector angle becomes more and more positive. The study would help the design and application of fiber distance sensor with single mode illumination.
A curvature radius (CR) measurement method using a parallel two-step spatial carrier phase-shifting common-path interferometer is presented. This interferometer is built on a 4f optical system with two windows in the input plane and a ronchi grating outside the fourier plane. A test lens is placed in front of one of the two windows. The phase of the test lens is retrieved from the two phase shifted interferograms recorded using this interferometer and then the profile can be obtained. The CR of the test lens is thus directly derived from the profile according to their geometrical relations. The theoretical model and experimental setup are established to illustrate this method and the measurement processes. Experiments are constructed to verify the effectiveness of the CR measurement using this interferometer. The results prove that this interferometer is an effective approach for the CR measurement with inherent simplicity, high robustness and accuracy.
A fast image edge enhancement method for moving objects is presented with a spiral phase filter using radial Hilbert transform theory. The spiral phase filter is placed in the Fourier plane of a 4f optical system, and used to process the spectral of objects image to achieve 2-D image edge enhancement of shape-free objects. All the directions of object edge can be enhanced similarly because there is a phase difference π along any diameter direction of the spiral phase filter. The results show that this method has good performance for enhancing the edge of moving objects. The advantages of this method are simple operations, clear edge images, high measurement speed and automatic measurement.
A method using two-windows common-path interferometry with phase grating is presented to measure the curvature
radius (CR). This interferometry is built using a 4f optical system with binary phase grating implemented by spatial light
modulator (SLM) as spatial filter. The input plane is formed by two windows, which are used for the measured lens and
reference beam, respectively. In the output plane, an interferogram can be achieved by a proper choice of the windows’
spacing with respect to the grating period. The phase of the lens can be retrieved from the shift phase of composite
interferograms achieved by lateral movements of the grating. The curvature radius of the lens is thus directly derived
from the phase function. A theoretical model is also established using Fourier transform theory and phase retrieval
algorithm to describe the measured process using phase-shifting interferometry. Analyzed results indicate that the
method is an effective approach for the radius measurement with inherent simplicity, high robustness and flexibility.
This paper presents a measurement method used to precisely measure the diameter of water jet. A He-Ne laser is coupled
into the water jet as the light source, and the image of the water jet is captured by a CCD. The diameter of water jet can
be thus measured from the captured images by such processing as sharpening, filtering, subpixel locating and fitting.
Experimental results indicate that the proposed method can be used to make real-time measurement of the diameter of
water jet with a simple and low-cost set-up. The method can also be used to measure the break-up length of water jet by
introducing a microstage along the direction of water jet.
In order to study the effect of structural parameters on the performance of fiber distance sensor with one normal single
mode fiber for illuminating and one inclined multimode fiber for receiving, a theoretical power-distance model is
established to describe the influence of the inclination fiber angle, the separation distance between the two fiber tips, the
offset distance between the two fiber tips and/or reflector angle on the modulation performance of the fiber distance
sensor. Numerical simulation results indicate that for the sensitivity of the sensor, it increases as the inclination fiber
angle increases, the separation distance decreases, the offset distance decreases and/or the reflector angle increases. For
the linear region, it increases as the separation distance increases, and/or the reflector angle decreases, however, it
change less obviously as the inclination fiber angle increases, and even remains unchanged as the offset distance is
changeable. For the dead zone, it decreases as the separation distance decreases, and/or the offset distance increases, and
the study would help the design of the inclined-fiber receiving distance sensor to the desired modulation performance.
To reduce the theoretical measurement error caused by a high acceleration in fast ultra-precision laser heterodyne
interferometry, a model is proposed. This model is about how the displacement measurement precision is affected by the
acceleration of the measuring prism in a multi-pass heterodyne interferometer. In the model, the integrals of Nv2/c and
Nax/c are added on the basis of a conventional heterodyne interferometer model. It shows, that in the conventional model
the measurement error increases with increasing measurement acceleration. An error compensation method is proposed,
which uses numerical integration to obtain the real time speed and acceleration. Corrected data can be acquired by using
an error correction formula. Simulation results show, that the measurement error can be reduced by this method from
10nm to 0.03nm when the displacement of the measuring prism is 500mm and the uniform acceleration of the measuring
prism of a double pass interferometer equals g.
This paper proposes a new motion estimation method based on the adaptive break successive elimination algorithm and
multi-resolution in a digital image stabilization (DIS) system. A computational scheme that facilitates the estimation of
the local motion vectors is developed. First, the images are transferred to layers with different resolutions by the linear or
wavelet transition and the performances of the translations are compared in the later experiments. With multi-resolution,
the size of the sub-image and the search area were broadened and little moving objects can be eliminated. Then,
positions which were calculated with lower possibility to be the destination by successive elimination algorithm were
removed before they are matched. Finally, also with the adoption of the principle of adaptive break, the threshold which
decides the times of a block matching is set adaptively according to the errors during the match while the accuracy
remaines. Experimental results show that with similar performance as that of TSS, the computational load of the
proposed motion estimation algorithm is 3% of the full-search matching and 34% of TSS..
Displacement measurement with laser interferometer is based on measuring the laser Doppler frequency shift that a beam of radiation undergoes upon reflection from measuring prism connected to a moving stage. The principle error in fast ultra-precision laser heterodyne interferometric measurement is proposed in this paper. Only 1-dimension motion of the measuring prism is usually thought about in the laser Doppler frequency shift calculation. The formula of laser Doppler frequency shift taken in account of 3-dimension motion of measurement prism is established, and the error introduced by the velocity of other dimensions is analyzed. There is a lack of the second-order in v/c in traditional model of displacement measurement with laser heterodyne interferometric. The distance error lead by the second-order in v/c in Doppler frequency is analyzed and emulated, the emulation result shows that there is a residual cumulative error that is up to 17.7nm when the highest speed is up to 1m/s and the displacement is long to 3m. The residual cumulative error is cumulatived.
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