Dr. Paul B. Reid Profile

Dr. Paul B. Reid

Senior Astrophysicist at Ctr. for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (92)

Proceedings Article | 22 August 2024 Poster

Poster

Figure correction of adjustable x-ray optic segments with thin-film PZT actuators

Kenny Buffo, Casey DeRoo, Paul Reid, Vladimir Kradinov, Vanessa Marquez, Susan Trolier-McKinistry, Nathan Bishop, Thomas Jackson, Quyen Tran, Hanyuan Liang, Mohit Tendulkar, Tianning Liu

Proceedings Volume 13093, 130935H (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3015945

SPIE Journal Paper | 2 August 2024

Adjustable X-ray optics: thin-film actuator measurement and figure correction performance

Kenneth Buffo, Casey DeRoo, Paul Reid, Vladimir Kradinov, Vanessa Marquez, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Nathan Bishop, Thomas Jackson, Quyen Tran, Hanyuan Liang, Mohit Tendulkar

JATIS, Vol. 10, Issue 03, 039003, (August 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.10.3.039003

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Iterated function systems, X-ray optics, Thin films, Optical testing, Piezoelectric thin film actuators, X-rays, Ferroelectric materials, Optical actuators, Metrology

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2023 Poster + Paper

Poster + Paper

Thin-film PZT actuator performance in adjustable x-ray optic segments

Kenneth Buffo, Casey DeRoo, Paul Reid, Vladimir Kradinov, Vanessa Marquez, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Nathan Bishop, Thomas Jackson, Quyen Tran, Hanyuan Liang, Tianning Liu, Mohit Tendulkar

Proceedings Volume 12679, 1267915 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2675949

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Iterated function systems, Actuators, X-ray optics, Finite element methods, X-rays, Ferroelectric materials, Thin films, Piezoelectric thin film actuators, Electrodes

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2022 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Arcus: exploring the formation and evolution of clusters, galaxies, and stars

Randall Smith, Marshall Bautz, Joel Bregman, Laura Brenneman, Nancy Brickhouse, Esra Bulbul, Vadim Burwitz, Joseph Bushman, Claude Canizares, Deepto Chakrabarty, Peter Cheimets, Elisa Costantini, Casey DeRoo, Abe Falcone, Adam Foster, Luigi Gallo, Catherine Grant, Hans Moritz Guenther, Ralf Heilmann, Sarah Heine, Butler Hine, David Huenemoerder, Steve Jara, Jelle Kaastra, Erin Kara, Ingo Kreykenbohm, Kristin Madsen, Herman Marshall, Michael McDonald, Randall McEntaffer, Jon Miller, Eric Miller, Richard Mushotzky, Kirpal Nandra, Michael Nowak, Fritis Paerels, Robert Petre, Katja Poppenhaeger, Andrew Ptak, Paul Reid, Karolyn Ronzano, Agata Rozanska, Jenna Samra, Jeremy Sanders, Mark Schattenburg, Jonathan Schonfeld, Norbert Schulz, Alan Smale, Pasquale Temi, Lynne Valencic, Stephen Walker, Joern Wilms, Scott Wolk

Proceedings Volume 12181, 1218121 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2628628

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Galactic astronomy, Absorption, Stars, Ionization, Spectroscopy, Galaxy groups and clusters, Diagnostics

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SPIE Journal Paper | 2 June 2022

Stress-balancing in piezoelectric adjustable x-ray optics

Nathan Bishop, Vladimir Kradinov, Paul Reid, Thomas Jackson, Casey DeRoo, Susan Trolier-McKinstry

JATIS, Vol. 8, Issue 02, 029004, (June 2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.8.2.029004

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Actuators, X-ray optics, X-rays, Thin films, Glasses, Iridium, Coating, Prototyping, Sputter deposition

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Proceedings Article | 23 August 2021 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Process development for adjustable X-ray mirrors

Mohit Tendulkar, Tianning Liu, Nicole Kirchner-Hall, Nathan Bishop, Quyen Tran, Casey DeRoo, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Vladimir Kradinov, Vanessa Marquez, Paul Reid, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Thomas Jackson

Proceedings Volume 11822, 1182213 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2595316

KEYWORDS: Active optics, Thin film devices, Piezoelectric thin film actuators, X-ray optics, Mirrors, X-rays, Actuators, Ferroelectric materials, Zinc oxide, Lithography

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Proceedings Article | 5 August 2021 Presentation

Presentation

Optical metrology of an adjustable x-ray mirror prototype

Casey DeRoo, Paul Reid, Vanessa Marquez, Vladimir Kradinov, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Nathan Bishop, Thomas Jackson, Mohit Tendulkar, Quyen Tran

Proceedings Volume 11822, 118220Z (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2594726

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Proceedings Article | 1 August 2021 Presentation

Presentation

Strain gauging for on-orbit figure monitoring of adjustable X-ray optics: systems analyses

Paul Reid, Vladimir Kradinov, Mark Freeman, Nathan Bishop, Casey DeRoo, Thomas Jackson, Vanessa Marquez, Mohit Tendulkar, Quyen Tran, Susan Trolier-McKinstry

Proceedings Volume 11822, 1182214 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2595160

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Arcus: the soft x-ray grating explorer

Randall Smith, Margaret Abraham, Grace Baird, Marshall Bautz, Jay Bookbinder, Joel Bregman, Laura Brenneman, Nancy Brickhouse, David Burrows, Vadim Burwitz, Joseph Bushman, Claude Canizares, Deepto Chakrabarty, Peter Cheimets, Elisa Costantini, Simon Dawson, Casey DeRoo, Abraham Falcone, Adam Foster, Luigi Gallo, Catherine Grant, H. Moritz Günther, Ralf Heilmann, Butler Hine, David Huenemoerder, Steve Jara, Jelle Kaastra, Ingo Kreykenbohm, Kristin Madsen, Michael McDonald, Michael McEachen, Randall McEntaffer, Herman Marshall, Eric Miller, Jon Miller, Elisabeth Morse, Richard Mushotzky, Kirpal Nandra, Michael Nowak, Frits Paerels, Robert Petre, Katja Poppenhaeger, Andrew Ptak, Paul Reid, Karolyn Ronzano, Jeremy Sanders, Mark Schattenburg, Jonathan Schonfeld, Norbert Schulz, Alan Smale, Pasquale Temi, Lynne Valencic, Stephen Walker, Richard Willingale, Joern Wilms, Scott Wolk

Proceedings Volume 11118, 111180W (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2529499

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Space operations, Spectroscopy, Charge-coupled devices, Galactic astronomy, Sensors, Point spread functions, Spectral resolution, Absorption

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SPIE Journal Paper | 29 May 2019 Open Access

Open Access

Lynx X-Ray Observatory: an overview

Jessica Gaskin, Douglas Swartz, Alexey Vikhlinin, Feryal Özel, Karen E. Gelmis, Jonathan Arenberg, Simon Bandler, Mark Bautz, Marta Civitani, Alexandra Dominguez, Megan Eckart, Abraham Falcone, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Mark Freeman, Hans Günther, Keith Havey, Ralf Heilmann, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Ralph Kraft, Kevin McCarley, Randall McEntaffer, Giovanni Pareschi, William Purcell, Paul Reid, Mark Schattenburg, Daniel Schwartz, Eric Schwartz, Harvey Tananbaum, Grant Tremblay, William Zhang, John Zuhone

JATIS, Vol. 5, Issue 02, 021001, (May 2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.5.2.021001

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Mirrors, Observatories, Galactic astronomy, Spatial resolution, Sensors, Space operations, X-ray imaging, Spectroscopy, Image resolution

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SPIE Journal Paper | 23 March 2019 Open Access

Open Access

Thickness distribution of sputtered films on curved substrates for adjustable x-ray optics

Nathan Bishop, Julian Walker, Casey DeRoo, Tianning Liu, Mohit Tendulkar, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Edward Hertz, Vladimir Kradinov, Eric Schwartz, Paul Reid, Thomas Jackson, Susan Trolier-McKinstry

JATIS, Vol. 5, Issue 02, 021005, (March 2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.5.2.021005

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-ray optics, Sputter deposition, Finite element methods, Glasses, Ferroelectric materials, X-rays, Actuators, Prototyping, Mathematical modeling

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Piezoelectric adjustable x-ray optics use magnetron sputtered thin film coatings on both sides of a thin curved glass substrate. To produce an optic suitable for a mission requiring high-angular resolution like “Lynx,” the integrated stresses (stress×thickness) of films on both sides of the optic must be approximately equal. Thus, understanding how sputtered film thickness distributions change for convex and concave curved substrates is necessary. To address this, thickness distributions of piezoelectric Pb0.995(Zr0.52Ti0.48)0.99Nb0.01O3 films are studied on flat, convex, and concave cylindrical substrates with a 220-mm radius of curvature. A mathematical model of the film thickness distribution is derived based on the geometric properties of the sputter tool and the substrate, and film thicknesses deposited with a commercially available sputtering tool are measured with spectroscopic ellipsometry. Experiment and modeled results for flat and convex curved substrates demonstrate good agreement, with average relative thickness distribution difference of 0.19% and −0.10% respectively, and a higher average difference of 1.4% for concave substrates. The calculated relative thickness distributions are applied to the convex and concave sides of a finite-element analysis (FEA) model of an adjustable x-ray optic prototype. The FEA model shows that, left uncorrected, the relative film thickness variation will yield an optic with an optical performance of 2.6 arc sec half power diameter (HPD) at 1 keV. However, the mirror figure can be corrected to diffraction-limited performance (0.3 arc sec HPD) using the piezoelectric adjusters, suggesting that the tolerances for applying a balanced integrated stress on both sides of a mirror are alleviated for adjustable x-ray optics as compared to traditional static x-ray mirrors. Furthermore, the piezoelectric adjusters will also allow changes in mirror figure over the telescope lifetime due to drift in the stress states of the x-ray surfaces to be corrected on orbit.

Proceedings Article | 26 October 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Progress in development of adjustable optics for x-ray astronomy

Vincenzo Cotroneo, Casey DeRoo, Thomas Jackson, Vladimir Kradinov, Tianning Liu, Vanessa Marquez, Paul Reid, Daniel Schwartz, Eric Schwartz, Mohit Tendulkar, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Julian Walker

Proceedings Volume 10761, 1076109 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2323283

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Optics manufacturing, Ferroelectric materials, X-ray optics, Glasses, Prototyping, X-ray telescopes, Actuators, Crystals, Electronics

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2018 Paper

Paper

Progress in ion beam figuring of very thin slumped glass plates for lightweight x-ray telescope

M. Civitani, M. Ghigo, J. Holyszko, G. Vecchi, S. Basso, V. Cotroneo, C. De Roo, E. Schwartz, P. Reid

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106990T (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313599

KEYWORDS: Glasses, Ion beam finishing, Error analysis, Ion beams, Mirrors, X-ray telescopes, X-ray optics, Data acquisition, Silicon, Rutherfordium

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Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Presentation

Development of adjustable x-ray optics for the Lynx mission concept (Conference Presentation)

Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106990Q (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2314129

KEYWORDS: X-ray optics, Mirrors, Optical fabrication, X-rays, Observatories, X-ray technology, Optical mounts, Optical design

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Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Presentation

Arcus: the x-ray grating spectrometer explorer (Conference Presentation)

Andrew Ptak, Randall Smith, Meghan Abraham, Marshall Bautz, Jay Bookbinder, Joel Bregman, Laura Brenneman, Nancy Brickhouse, David Burrows, Vadim Burwitz, Peter Cheimets, Elisa Costantini, Simon Dawson, Casey DeRoo, Abe Falcone, Adam Foster, Luigi Gallo, Catherine Grant, Hans Guenther, Ralf Heilmann, Ed Hertz, Butler Hine, David Huenemoerder, Jelle Kaastra, Ingo Kreykenbohm, Kristin Madsen, Randall McEntaffer, Eric Miller, Jon Miller, Elisabeth Morse, Richard Mushotzky, Kirpal Nandra, Michael Nowak, Fritz Paerels, Robert Petre, Katja Poppenhaeger, Paul Reid, Jeremy Sanders, Mark Schattenburg, Norbert Schulz, Alan Smale, Pasquale Temi, Lynne Valencic, Stephen Walker, Richard Willingale, Joern Wilms, Scott Wolk

Proceedings Volume 10699, 1069926 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313965

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Spectroscopy, X-ray optics, Atmospheric propagation, Space operations, Observatories, Spectral resolution, Galactic astronomy, Stars, Exoplanets

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SPIE Journal Paper | 19 March 2018

Deterministic figure correction of piezoelectrically adjustable slumped glass optics

Casey DeRoo, Ryan Allured, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Edward Hertz, Vanessa Marquez, Paul Reid, Eric Schwartz, Alexey Vikhlinin, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Julian Walker, Thomas Jackson, Tianning Liu, Mohit Tendulkar

JATIS, Vol. 4, Issue 01, 019004, (March 2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.4.1.019004

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Iterated function systems, X-ray optics, Metrology, Glasses, Composites, Optics manufacturing, Finite element methods, Ferroelectric materials, X-rays

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Thermal forming of glass substrates for adjustable optics

Vincenzo Cotroneo, Ryan Allured, Casey DeRoo, Kenneth Gurski, Vanessa Marquez, Paul Reid, Eric Schwartz

Proceedings Volume 10399, 103990Y (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2275738

KEYWORDS: Glasses, X-ray telescopes, Thermography, X-ray optics, Telescopes, X-rays, Observatories, Spatial resolution, Actuators, Surface finishing

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Proceedings Article | 21 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Advancements in ion beam figuring of very thin glass plates

M. Civitani, M. Ghigo, J. Hołyszko, G. Vecchi, S. Basso, V. Cotroneo, C. DeRoo, E. Schwartz, P. Reid

Proceedings Volume 10399, 103991E (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2275555

KEYWORDS: Glasses, Ion beams, Mirrors, X-ray optics, Spatial resolution, X-ray telescopes, Statistical analysis, Shape analysis, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Lynx Mission concept status

Jessica Gaskin, Ryan Allured, Simon Bandler, Stefano Basso, Marshall Bautz, Michael Baysinger, Michael Biskach, Tyrone Boswell, Peter Capizzo, Kai-Wing Chan, Marta Civitani, Lester Cohen, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Jacqueline Davis, Casey DeRoo, Michael DiPirro, Alexandra Dominguez, Leo Fabisinski, Abraham Falcone, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Jay Garcia, Karen Gelmis, Ralf Heilmann, Randall Hopkins, Thomas Jackson, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Ralph Kraft, Tianning Liu, Ryan McClelland, Randy McEntaffer, Kevin McCarley, John Mulqueen, Feryal Özel, Giovanni Pareschi, Paul Reid, Raul Riveros, Mitchell Rodriguez, Justin Rowe, Timo Saha, Mark Schattenburg, Andrew Schnell, Daniel Schwartz, Peter Solly, Robert Suggs, Steven Sutherlin, Douglas Swartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, James Tutt, Alexey Vikhlinin, Julian Walker, Wonsik Yoon, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 10397, 103970S (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2273911

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Astrophysics, Galactic astronomy, Environmental sensing, Stars, Planetary systems, X-ray optics, Observatories

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Arcus: exploring the formation and evolution of clusters, galaxies, and stars

R. Smith, M. Abraham, R. Allured, M. Bautz, J. Bookbinder, J. Bregman, L. Brenneman, N. Brickhouse, D. Burrows, V. Burwitz, P. Cheimets, E. Costantini, S. Dawson, C. DeRoo, A. Falcone, A. Foster, L. Gallo, C. Grant, H. Günther, R. Heilmann, E. Hertz, B. Hine, D. Huenemoerder, J. Kaastra, I. Kreykenbohm, K. Madsen, R. McEntaffer, E. Miller, J. Miller, E. Morse, R. Mushotzky, K. Nandra, M. Nowak, F. Paerels, R. Petre, K. Poppenhaeger, A. Ptak, P. Reid, J. Sanders, M. Schattenburg, N. Schulz, A. Smale, P. Temi, L. Valencic, S. Walker, R. Willingale, J. Wilms, S. Wolk

Proceedings Volume 10397, 103970Q (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2272818

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Imaging spectroscopy, Stars, Spectroscopy, Space operations, Spectral resolution, Galactic astronomy, Visible radiation, Computed tomography, Silicon

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Design and fabrication of adjustable x-ray optics using piezoelectric thin films

J. Walker, T. Liu, M. Tendulkar, D. Burrows, C. DeRoo, R. Allured, E. Hertz, V. Cotroneo, P. Reid, E. Schwartz, T. Jackson, S. Trolier-McKinstry

Proceedings Volume 10399, 103991K (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2275351

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Thin films, X-ray optics, Glasses, Ferroelectric materials, X-rays, Electrodes, Modulation, Coating, Radio optics

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Deterministic figure correction of piezoelectrically adjustable slumped glass optics

Casey DeRoo, Ryan Allured, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Edward Hertz, Vanessa Marquez, Paul Reid, Eric Schwartz, Alexey Vikhlinin, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Julian Walker, Thomas Jackson, Tianning Liu, Mohit Tendulkar

Proceedings Volume 10399, 103991M (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2275210

KEYWORDS: X-ray optics, Glasses, X-rays, Mirrors, Thin films, Actuators, Thermography, Optical fabrication, Metrology, Testing and analysis

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Proceedings Article | 27 October 2016 Paper

Paper

Toward large-area sub-arcsecond x-ray telescopes II

Stephen O'Dell, Ryan Allured, Andrew Ames, Michael Biskach, David Broadway, Ricardo Bruni, David Burrows, Jian Cao, Brandon Chalifoux, Kai-Wing Chan, Yip-Wah Chung, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Ronald Elsner, Jessica Gaskin, Mikhail Gubarev, Ralf Heilmann, Edward Hertz, Thomas Jackson, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Jeffrey Kolodziejczak, Ryan McClelland, Brian Ramsey, Paul Reid, Raul Riveros, Jacqueline Roche, Suzanne Romaine, Timo Saha, Mark Schattenburg, Daniel Schwartz, Eric Schwartz, Peter Solly, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Melville Ulmer, Alexey Vikhlinin, Margeaux Wallace, Xiaoli Wang, David Windt, Youwei Yao, Shi Ye, William Zhang, Heng Zuo

Proceedings Volume 9965, 996507 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2238247

KEYWORDS: X-ray telescopes, Mirrors, Coating, X-ray optics, Silicon, Ion implantation, X-rays, Thin films, Ions, Iridium

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Proceedings Article | 27 October 2016 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Thermal forming of substrates for the x-ray surveyor telescope

Vincenzo Cotroneo, Ryan Allured, Paul Reid, Casey DeRoo, Daniel Schwartz, Vanessa Marquez, Alexey Vikhlinin, Marta Civitani, Bianca Salmaso, Giovanni Pareschi

Proceedings Volume 9965, 99650C (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2239223

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Mirrors, Glasses, Telescopes, Silicon, X-ray telescopes, Silica, Metrology, Surface finishing, Polishing

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Proceedings Article | 30 September 2016 Paper

Paper

Arcus: the x-ray grating spectrometer explorer

R. Smith, M. Abraham, R. Allured, M. Bautz, J. Bookbinder, J. Bregman, L. Brenneman, N. Brickhouse, D. Burrows, V. Burwitz, R. Carvalho, P. Cheimets, E. Costantini, S. Dawson, C. DeRoo, A. Falcone, A. Foster, C. Grant, R. Heilmann, E. Hertz, B. Hine, D. Huenemoerder, J. Kaastra, K. Madsen, R. McEntaffer, E. Miller, J. Miller, E. Morse, R. Mushotzky, K. Nandra, M. Nowak, F. Paerels, R. Petre, L. Plice, K. Poppenhaeger, A. Ptak, P. Reid, J. Sanders, M. Schattenburg, N. Schulz, A. Smale, P. Temi, L. Valencic, S. Walker, R. Willingale, J. Wilms, S. Wolk

Proceedings Volume 9905, 99054M (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2231778

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Stars, Space telescopes, Sensors, Mirrors, Telescopes, Control systems, Calibration, Observatories, Sun

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Proceedings Article | 17 August 2016 Paper

Paper

A performance budget for the x-ray surveyor telescope

Jonathan Arenberg, Ryan Allured, Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 9905, 990555 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2234495

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Optics manufacturing, X-rays, X-ray telescopes, X-ray optics, Image quality, Imaging systems, Optical components, Space telescopes, Observatories

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Proceedings Article | 17 August 2016 Paper

Paper

Laboratory demonstration of the piezoelectric figure correction of a cylindrical slumped glass optic

Ryan Allured, Edward Hertz, Vanessa Marquez, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Margeaux Wallace, Bianca Salmaso, Marta Civitani, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Alexey Vikhlinin, Giovanni Pareschi, Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 9905, 990554 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2233827

KEYWORDS: X-ray optics, X-rays, Observatories, Glasses, Mirrors, Iterated function systems, Metrology, Contrast transfer function, Calibration, Platinum

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2015 Paper

Paper

Using iridium films to compensate for piezo-electric materials processing stresses in adjustable x-ray optics

A. Ames, R. Bruni, V. Cotroneo, R. Johnson-Wilke, T. Kester, P. Reid, S. Romaine, S. Tolier-McKinstry, R. H. T. Wilke

Proceedings Volume 9603, 96031I (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2191404

KEYWORDS: Glasses, Mirrors, Ferroelectric materials, X-ray optics, Iridium, X-rays, Coating, Silicon, Semiconducting wafers, Electrodes

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2015 Paper

Paper

Coarse alignment of thin-shell, segmented mirrors for Wolter-I telescopes

Benjamin Donovan, Edward Hertz, Vanessa Marquez, Stuart McMuldroch, Paul Reid, Ryan Allured

Proceedings Volume 9603, 960313 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2186631

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Optical alignment, Metrology, Tolerancing, CMOS sensors, Observatories, Segmented mirrors, Telescopes, X-rays, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 4 September 2015 Paper

Paper

Improved control and characterization of adjustable x-ray optics

Ryan Allured, Sagi Ben-Ami, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Vanessa Marquez, Stuart McMuldroch, Paul Reid, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Alexey Vikhlinin, Margeaux Wallace

Proceedings Volume 9603, 96031M (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2186411

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Contrast transfer function, Metrology, Actuators, Calibration, X-ray optics, Finite element methods, Electrodes, Ferroelectric materials, Spatial frequencies

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Proceedings Article | 24 August 2015 Paper

Paper

The X-ray Surveyor Mission: a concept study

Jessica Gaskin, Martin Weisskopf, Alexey Vikhlinin, Harvey Tananbaum, Simon Bandler, Marshall Bautz, David Burrows, Abraham Falcone, Fiona Harrison, Ralf Heilmann, Sebastian Heinz, Randall Hopkins, Caroline Kilbourne, Chryssa Kouveliotou, Ralph Kraft, Andrey Kravtsov, Randall McEntaffer, Priyamvada Natarajan, Stephen O’Dell, Robert Petre, Zachary Prieskorn, Andrew Ptak, Brian Ramsey, Paul Reid, Andrew Schnell, Daniel Schwartz, Leisa Townsley

Proceedings Volume 9601, 96010J (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2190837

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, Mirrors, X-ray optics, X-ray imaging, Spectroscopy, X-ray telescopes, X-ray astronomy, CMOS sensors, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2014 Paper

Paper

Development status of adjustable grazing incidence optics for 0.5 arcsecond x-ray imaging

Paul Reid, Thomas Aldcroft, Ryan Allured, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Raegan Johnson-Wilke, Vanessa Marquez, Stuart McMuldroch, Stephen O'Dell, Brian Ramsey, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Alexey Vikhlinin, Rudeger H. Wilke, Rui Zhao

Proceedings Volume 9208, 920807 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2063305

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-ray optics, Wavefront sensors, Ferroelectric materials, Actuators, X-rays, X-ray imaging, Grazing incidence, Electrodes, Observatories

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2014 Paper

Paper

Technology requirements for a square meter, arcsecond resolution telescope for x-rays: the SMART-X mission

Daniel Schwartz, Ryan Allured, Jay Bookbinder, Vincenzo Cotroneo, William Forman, Mark Freeman, Stuart McMuldroch, Paul Reid, Harvey Tananbaum, Alexey Vikhlinin, Raegan Johnson-Wilke, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Rudeger H. Wilke, Thomas Jackson, J. Israel Ramirez, Mikhail Gubarev, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Stephen O'Dell, Brian Ramsey

Proceedings Volume 9208, 920806 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2063469

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, X-ray telescopes, X-ray technology, Observatories, Glasses, X-ray optics, Space telescopes, Space operations, Telecommunications

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2014 Paper

Paper

Toward large-area sub-arcsecond x-ray telescopes

Stephen O'Dell, Thomas Aldcroft, Ryan Allured, Carolyn Atkins, David Burrows, Jian Cao, Brandon Chalifoux, Kai-Wing Chan, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Ronald Elsner, Michael Graham, Mikhail Gubarev, Ralf Heilmann, Raegan Johnson-Wilke, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Charles Lillie, Stuart McMuldroch, Brian Ramsey, Paul Reid, Raul Riveros, Jacqueline Roche, Timo Saha, Mark Schattenburg, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Melville Ulmer, Semyon Vaynman, Alexey Vikhlinin, Xiaoli Wang, Martin Weisskopf, Rudeger H. Wilke, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 9208, 920805 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2061882

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Ions, X-ray telescopes, Space telescopes, Telescopes, X-ray optics, Neodymium, X-ray astronomy, Silicon

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2014 Paper

Paper

ZnO thin film transistors and electronic connections for adjustable x-ray mirrors: SMART-X telescope

R. Johnson-Wilke, R. H. Wilke, M. Wallace, J. Ramirez, Z. Prieskorn, J. Nikoleyczik, V. Cotroneo, R. Allured, D. Schwartz, S. McMuldroch, P. Reid, D. Burrows, T. Jackson, S. Trolier-McKinstry

Proceedings Volume 9208, 920809 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2063369

KEYWORDS: Ferroelectric materials, Zinc oxide, Transistors, Mirrors, Thin films, Glasses, LabVIEW, Electrodes, X-ray telescopes, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 2014 Paper

Paper

Measuring the performance of adjustable x-ray optics with wavefront sensing

Ryan Allured, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Raegan Johnson-Wilke, Vanessa Marquez, Stuart McMuldroch, Paul Reid, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Alexey Vikhlinin, Rudeger Wilke

Proceedings Volume 9144, 91441D (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2054918

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Actuators, Glasses, Wavefront sensors, Metrology, X-ray optics, Finite element methods, Electrodes, X-rays, Coating

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

Paper

Development status of adjustable grazing incidence optics for 0.5 arc second x-ray imaging

Paul Reid, Thomas Aldcroft, Vincenzo Cotroneo, William Davis, Raegan Johnson-Wilke, Stuart McMuldroch, Brian Ramsey, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Alexey Vikhlinin, Rudeger H. Wilke

Proceedings Volume 8861, 88611Q (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2026429

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Ferroelectric materials, X-ray optics, X-ray imaging, Grazing incidence, Actuators, Neodymium, Metrology, Electrodes, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 19 October 2012 Paper

Paper

Adjustable grazing incidence x-ray optics based on thin PZT films

Vincenzo Cotroneo, William Davis, Vanessa Marquez, Paul Reid, Daniel Schwartz, Raegan Johnson-Wilke, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Rudeger H. Wilke

Proceedings Volume 8503, 850309 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.931228

KEYWORDS: Actuators, Mirrors, Glasses, Ferroelectric materials, X-ray optics, Sputter deposition, Thin films, Electrodes, X-ray telescopes, Annealing

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Paper

Toward active x-ray telescopes II

Stephen O'Dell, Thomas Aldcroft, Carolyn Atkins, Timothy Button, Vincenzo Cotroneo, William Davis, Peter Doel, Charlotte Feldman, Mark Freeman, Mikhail Gubarev, Raegan Johnson-Wilke, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Charles Lillie, Alan Michette, Brian Ramsey, Paul Reid, Daniel Rodriguez Sanmartin, Timo Saha, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Melville Ulmer, Rudeger H. Wilke, Richard Willingale, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 8503, 850307 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930090

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-ray telescopes, X-rays, X-ray optics, Actuators, Observatories, Spatial resolution, Magnetism, Active optics, X-ray imaging

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Paper

Improving yield of PZT piezoelectric devices on glass substrates

Raegan Johnson-Wilke, Rudeger H. Wilke, Vincenzo Cotroneo, William Davis, Paul Reid, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry

Proceedings Volume 8503, 85030A (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.929239

KEYWORDS: Ferroelectric materials, Glasses, Electrodes, Platinum, Crystals, Semiconducting wafers, Sputter deposition, Yield improvement, Capacitors, Actuators

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Paper

The square meter arcsecond resolution x-ray telescope: SMART-X

Daniel Schwartz, Thomas Aldcroft, Jay Bookbinder, Vincenzo Cotroneo, William Davis, William Forman, Mark Freeman, Stuart McMuldroch, Paul Reid, Harvey Tananbaum, Alexey Vikhlinin, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Derek Wilke, Raegan Johnson-Wilke

Proceedings Volume 8503, 850308 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930868

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Observatories, Glasses, Telescopes, Galactic astronomy, X-ray telescopes, Spatial resolution, Spectrometers, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Paper

Simulating correction of adjustable optics for an x-ray telescope

Thomas Aldcroft, Daniel Schwartz, Paul Reid, Vincenzo Cotroneo, William Davis

Proceedings Volume 8503, 85030F (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.929839

KEYWORDS: Actuators, Mirrors, X-ray optics, Finite element methods, Monte Carlo methods, X-ray telescopes, Optics manufacturing, Manufacturing, Device simulation, Distortion

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2012 Paper

Paper

The Wolter telescope designer (WTD): a user-friendly web facility for the design of x-ray multishell telescopes

V. Cotroneo, D. Di Pasquale, Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 8443, 844344 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.926838

KEYWORDS: Coating, X-ray telescopes, Telescopes, Optical instrument design, X-ray optics, Visualization, Space telescopes, X-rays, Reflectivity, Reflection

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2012 Paper

Paper

Technology development of adjustable grazing incidence x-ray optics for sub-arc second imaging

P. Reid, T. Aldcroft, V. Cotroneo, W. Davis, R. Johnson-Wilke, S. McMuldroch, B. Ramsey, D. Schwartz, S. Trolier-McKinstry, A. Vikhlinin, R. H. Wilke

Proceedings Volume 8443, 84430T (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.926930

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Glasses, X-ray optics, Ferroelectric materials, Neodymium, X-rays, Finite element methods, Ions, Grazing incidence, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2012 Paper

Paper

SMART-X: Square Meter Arcsecond Resolution x-ray Telescope

A. Vikhlinin, P. Reid, H. Tananbaum, D. Schwartz, W. Forman, C. Jones, J. Bookbinder, V. Cotroneo, S. Trolier-McKinstry, D. Burrows, M. Bautz, R. Heilmann, J. Davis, S. Bandler, M. Weisskopf, S. Murray

Proceedings Volume 8443, 844316 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.926851

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Spectroscopy, Galactic astronomy, Sensors, X-ray telescopes, Stars, X-ray optics, Spatial resolution, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 12 October 2011 Paper

Paper

Toward active x-ray telescopes

Stephen O'Dell, Carolyn Atkins, Timothy Button, Vincenzo Cotroneo, William Davis, Peter Doel, Charlotte Feldman, Mark Freeman, Mikhail Gubarev, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Alan Michette, Brian Ramsey, Paul Reid, Daniel Rodriguez Sanmartin, Timo Saha, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Rudeger H. Wilke, Richard Willingale, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 8147, 81471Q (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.896458

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-ray telescopes, X-rays, X-ray optics, Actuators, Ferroelectric materials, Glasses, Active optics, Thin films, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2011 Paper

Paper

Adjustable x-ray optics: correction for gravity-induced figure errors

Daniel Schwartz, Vincenzo Cotroneo, William Davis, Mark Freeman, Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 8147, 81471S (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.895557

KEYWORDS: Finite element methods, Mirrors, Actuators, X-ray optics, Glasses, X-ray astronomy, Metrology, Observatories, Electrodes, Optical calibration

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2011 Paper

Paper

Adjustable grazing incidence x-ray optics: measurement of actuator influence functions and comparison with modeling

Vincenzo Cotroneo, William Davis, Paul Reid, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Rudeger H. Wilke

Proceedings Volume 8147, 81471R (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.895475

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Actuators, Glasses, Image quality, Ferroelectric materials, X-ray optics, Prototyping, Spatial resolution, Finite element methods, Thin films

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Proceedings Article | 22 October 2010 Paper

Paper

High-resolution x-ray telescopes

Stephen O'Dell, Roger Brissenden, William Davis, Ronald Elsner, Martin Elvis, Mark Freeman, Terrance Gaetz, Paul Gorenstein, Mikhail Gubarev, Diab Jerius, Michael Juda, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Stephen Murray, Robert Petre, William Podgorski, Brian Ramsey, Paul Reid, Timo Saha, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Martin Weisskopf, Rudeger H. Wilke, Scott Wolk, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 7803, 78030H (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862315

KEYWORDS: X-ray telescopes, X-rays, Mirrors, Observatories, Spatial resolution, X-ray imaging, X-ray astronomy, Telescopes, Space telescopes, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 2010 Paper

Paper

On-orbit adjustment concepts for the Generation-X Observatory

Daniel Schwartz, Roger Brissenden, Mark Freeman, Terrance Gaetz, Paul Gorenstein, Diab Jerius, Michael Juda, Paul Reid, Scott Wolk, Timo Saha, William Zhang, Stephen O'Dell, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Derek Wilke

Proceedings Volume 7803, 78030J (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862353

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Diffraction, Observatories, Sensors, Point spread functions, Spatial resolution, X-ray optics, Distortion, Visible radiation

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Proceedings Article | 2 September 2010 Paper

Paper

Technology challenges of active x-ray optics for astronomy

Paul Reid, William Davis, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Rudeger H. Wilke

Proceedings Volume 7803, 78030I (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862502

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-ray optics, X-rays, X-ray astronomy, Active optics, Astronomy, Observatories, Glasses, Astronomical imaging, Thin films

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Proceedings Article | 27 August 2010 Paper

Paper

Finite element analyses of thin film active grazing incidence x-ray optics

William Davis, Paul Reid, Daniel Schwartz

Proceedings Volume 7803, 78030P (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862522

KEYWORDS: Actuators, Mirrors, Finite element methods, X-rays, Grazing incidence, X-ray astronomy, Error analysis, Thin films, X-ray optics, Glasses

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Proceedings Article | 27 August 2010 Paper

Paper

PZT piezoelectric films on glass for Gen-X imaging

Rudeger H. Wilke, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Paul Reid, Daniel Schwartz

Proceedings Volume 7803, 78030O (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862233

KEYWORDS: Ferroelectric materials, Glasses, Crystals, Sol-gels, Sputter deposition, Silicon, Semiconducting wafers, Thin films, Electrodes, Perovskite

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The proposed adaptive optics system for the Gen-X telescope uses piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films deposited on flexible glass substrates. The low softening transition of the glass substrates imposes several processing challenges that require the development of new approaches to deposit high quality PZT thin films. Synthesis and optimization of chemical solution deposited 1 μm thick films of PbZr_0.52Ti_0.48O₃ on small area (1 in²) and large area (16 in²) Pt/Ti/glass substrates has been performed. In order to avoid warping of the glass at temperatures typically used to crystallize PZT films (~700°C), a lower temperature, two-step crystallization process was employed. An ~80 nm thick seed layer of PbZr_0.30Ti_0.70O₃ was deposited to promote the growth of the perovskite phase. After the deposition of the seed layer, the films were annealed in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) furnace at 550°C for 3 minutes to nucleate the perovskite phase. This was followed by isothermal annealing at 550°C for 1 hour to complete crystallization. For the subsequent PbZr_0.52Ti_0.48O₃ layers, the same RTA protocol was performed, with the isothermal crystallization implemented following the deposition of three PbZr_0.52Ti_0.48O₃ spin-coated layers. Over the frequency range of 1 kHz to 100 kHz, films exhibit relative permittivity values near 800 with loss tangents below 0.07. Hysteresis loops show low levels of imprint with coercive fields of 40-50 kV/cm in the forward direction and 50-70 kV/cm in the reverse direction. The remanent polarization varied from 25-35 μC/cm² and e_31,f values were approximately -5.0 C/m². In scaling up the growth procedure to large area films, where warping becomes more pronounced due to the increased size of the substrate, the pyrolysis and crystallization conditions were performed in a box furnace to improve the temperature uniformity. By depositing films on both sides of the glass substrate, the tensile stresses are balanced, providing a sufficiently flat surface to continue PZT deposition. The properties of the large area film are comparable to those obtained on small substrates. While sol-gel processing is a viable approach to the deposition of high quality PZT thin films on glass substrates, preliminary results using RF magnetron sputter deposition demonstrate comparable properties with a significantly simpler process that offers a superior route for large scale production.

Proceedings Article | 30 July 2010 Paper

Paper

Advances in the active alignment system for the IXO optics

Mark Freeman, Paul Reid, William Podgorski, David Caldwell

Proceedings Volume 7732, 773243 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.857424

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Optical alignment, X-rays, Glasses, Actuators, X-ray telescopes, Optical fabrication, Spectroscopy, Active optics, Observatories

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Proceedings Article | 30 July 2010 Paper

Paper

Platinum as a release layer for thermally formed optics for IXO

S. Romaine, R. Bruni, P. Gorenstein, S. Park, P. Reid, B. Ramsey, T. Kester

Proceedings Volume 7732, 77323T (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.858109

KEYWORDS: Platinum, Surface roughness, Coating, X-rays, Glasses, Reflectivity, Polishing, Thermography, Silica, Sputter deposition

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 2010 Paper

Paper

Mirror technology development for the International X-ray Observatory mission (IXO)

W. Zhang, M. Atanassova, M. Biskach, P. Blake, G. Byron, K. Chan, T. Evans, C. Fleetwood, M. Hill, M. Hong, L. Jalota, L. Kolos, J. Mazzarella, R. McClelland, L. Olsen, R. Petre, D. Robinson, T. Saha, M. Sharpe, M. Gubarev, W. Jones, T. Kester, S. O'Dell, D. Caldwell, W. Davis, M. Freeman, W. Podgorski, P. Reid, S. Romaine

Proceedings Volume 7732, 77321G (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.857536

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Glasses, Observatories, X-ray optics, Wavefronts, Iridium, Coating, Sensors, X-ray technology

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2009 Paper

Paper

Mirror technology development for the International X-ray Observatory mission

W. Zhang, M. Atanassova, P. Augustin, P. Blake, G. Byron, T. Carnahan, K. Chan, C. Fleetwood, C. He, M. Hill, M. Hong, L. Kolos, J. Lehan, J. Mazzarella, R. McClelland, L. Olsen, R. Petre, D. Robinson, R. Russell, T. Saha, M. Sharpe, M. Gubarev, W. Jones, S. O'Dell, W. Davis, D. Caldwell, M. Freeman, W. Podgorski, P. Reid

Proceedings Volume 7437, 74370Q (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830226

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Optical alignment, Glasses, X-rays, Observatories, Actuators, Imaging spectroscopy, Distortion, Coating, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2009 Paper

Paper

Progress on the active alignment system for the IXO mirrors

Mark Freeman, Paul Reid, William Podgorski, David Caldwell

Proceedings Volume 7437, 74371E (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830841

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Actuators, Optical alignment, X-rays, Glasses, Epoxies, X-ray telescopes, Optical fabrication, Spectroscopy, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2009 Paper

Paper

Generation-X mirror technology development plan and the development of adjustable x-ray optics

Paul Reid, William Davis, Stephen O'Dell, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Tolier-McKinstry, Rudeger H. Wilke, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 7437, 74371F (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830858

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Ferroelectric materials, X-rays, Crystals, Finite element methods, Glasses, X-ray optics, Grazing incidence, Thin films, X-ray imaging

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Proceedings Article | 30 April 2009 Paper

Paper

Mirror technology development for the International X-Ray Observatory (IXO) mission

W. Zhang, J. Bolognese, G. Byron, K. W. Chan, D. Content, T. Hadjimichael, Charles Hewitt, M. Hill, M. Hong, J. Lehan, L. Lozipone, J. Mazzarella, R. McClelland, D. Nguyen, L. Olsen, R. Petre, D. Robinson, S. Rohrbach, R. Russell, T. Saha, M. Sharpe, M. Gubarev, W. Jones, S. O'Dell, W. Davis, D. Caldwell, M. Freeman, W. Podgorski, P. Reid

Proceedings Volume 7360, 73600J (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.833544

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Metrology, Observatories, Glasses, X-ray optics, X-ray technology, Coating, Image segmentation, Optical alignment

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Proceedings Article | 16 July 2008 Paper

Paper

The Constellation-X Observatory

Jay Bookbinder, Randall Smith, Anne Hornschemeier, Michael Garcia, Nicholas White, Harvey Tananbaum, Robert Petre, Suzanne Romaine, Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 7011, 701102 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796906

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Stars, Spectral resolution, Observatories, Iron, Mirrors, Absorption, X-ray telescopes, Galactic astronomy, Signal to noise ratio

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

Paper

X-ray imaging tests of Constellation-X SXT mirror segment pairs

S. Owens Rohrbach, T. Hadjimichael, L. Olsen, Kai-Wing Chan, J. Lehan, P. Reid, R. Petre, S. O'Dell, T. Saha, W. Zhang

Proceedings Volume 7011, 701134 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.789838

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Image segmentation, X-ray imaging, X-rays, Optical metrology, X-ray telescopes, Space mirrors, Space telescopes, Image quality, Aerospace engineering

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

Paper

A mounting and alignment approach for Constellation-X mirror segments

William Podgorski, David Caldwell, Mark Freeman, William Davis, Paul Reid, Scott Rohrbach, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 7011, 701112 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.789891

KEYWORDS: Optical alignment, Mirrors, Error analysis, Sensors, Received signal strength, X-ray telescopes, Space telescopes, Glasses, Image resolution, Optical fabrication

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

Paper

Development of adjustable grazing incidence optics for Generation-X

Paul Reid, Stephen Murray, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Mark Freeman, Michael Juda, William Podgorski, Brian Ramsey, Daniel Schwartz

Proceedings Volume 7011, 70110V (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.789371

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Actuators, Grazing incidence, X-ray telescopes, Telescopes, Electrodes, X-ray optics, X-rays, Ferroelectric materials, Space telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

Paper

On-orbit adjustment calculation for the Generation-X x-ray mirror figure

Daniel Schwartz, Roger Brissenden, Martin Elvis, Guiseppina Fabbiano, Terrance Gaetz, Diab Jerius, Michael Juda, Paul Reid, Scott Wolk, Stephen O'Dell, Jeffrey Kolodziejczak, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 7011, 70110W (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.790085

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Sensors, Spatial resolution, Space telescopes, Ultraviolet radiation, Gamma radiation, X-ray detectors, Space operations, Grazing incidence

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

Paper

A comparison of different alignment approaches for the segmented grazing incidence mirrors on Constellation-X

Paul Reid, David Caldwell, William Davis, Mark Freeman, Scott Owens Rohrbach, William Podgorski, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 7011, 701111 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.789658

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Image segmentation, Monochromatic aberrations, Telescopes, Image resolution, Tolerancing, Optical alignment, Grazing incidence, Segmented mirrors, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

Paper

Design study for supporting of thin glass optical elements for x-ray telescopes

Mark Freeman, Paul Reid, William Davis

Proceedings Volume 7011, 701113 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.787984

KEYWORDS: Glasses, Epoxies, Mirrors, X-ray telescopes, Finite element methods, X-rays, Spectroscopy, Optics manufacturing, Failure analysis, Optical design

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Proceedings Article | 14 July 2008 Paper

Paper

Constellation-X mirror technology development

W. Zhang, J. Bolognese, G. Byron, K. Chan, D. Content, T. Hadjimichael, Charles He, M. Hill, M. Hong, J. Lehan, L. Lozipone, J. Mazzarella, R. McClelland, D. Nguyen, L. Olsen, R. Petre, D. Robinson, S. Rohrbach, R. Russell, T. Saha, M. Sharpe, M. Gubarev, W. Jones, S. O'Dell, W. Davis, D. Caldwell, M. Freeman, W. Podgorski, P. Reid

Proceedings Volume 7011, 701103 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.788453

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Glasses, Metrology, Coating, Distortion, X-ray optics, Observatories, Optical alignment, Image segmentation

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2007 Paper

Paper

Constellation-X mirror technology development

W. Zhang, J. Bolognese, K. W. Chan, D. Content, T. Hadjimichael, Charles He, M. Hong, J. Lehan, J. Mazzarella, D. Nguyen, L. Olsen, S. Owens, R. Petre, T. Saha, M. Sharpe, J. Sturm, T. Wallace, M. Gubarev, W. Jones, S. O'Dell, W. Davis, M. Freeman, W. Podgorski, P. Reid

Proceedings Volume 6688, 668802 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.731872

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Metrology, X-ray optics, Epoxies, Image segmentation, Observatories, Glasses, X-ray technology, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2007 Paper

Paper

Toward a complete metrologic solution for the mirrors for the Constellation-X Spectroscopy x-ray telescope

J. Lehan, S. Owens, T. Hadjimichael, M. Hong, K.-W. Chan, T. Saha, P. Reid, W. Zhang

Proceedings Volume 6688, 668818 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.733080

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Metrology, X-ray telescopes, Interferometry, Spectroscopy, Interferometers, X-rays, Glasses, Calibration, Space telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 20 June 2006 Paper

Paper

Alignment and test of a Constellation-X SXT mirror segment pair

Scott Owens, Thomas Meagher, Theo Hadjimichael, John Lehan, David Content, Timo Saha, William Zhang, Rob Petre, Paul Reid, William Jones, Stephen O'Dell

Proceedings Volume 6266, 62661W (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.672663

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Image segmentation, Actuators, Interferometers, Collimation, Optical alignment, X-ray telescopes, Data centers, Data modeling, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 2006 Paper

Paper

Active x-ray optics for Generation-X: the next high resolution x-ray observatory

Martin Elvis, R. Brissenden, G. Fabbiano, D. Schwartz, P. Reid, W. Podgorski, M. Eisenhower, M. Juda, J. Phillips, L. Cohen, S. Wolk

Proceedings Volume 6266, 62661K (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.672072

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-ray optics, X-rays, Sensors, Actuators, Spatial resolution, Space operations, X-ray astronomy, Active optics, Galactic astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 2006 Paper

Paper

The Constellation-X Spectroscopy X-ray Telescope: recent technology development

Robert Petre, John Lehan, Stephen O'Dell, Scott Owens, Paul Reid, Timo Saha, Jeff Stewart, William Jones, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 6266, 62661Q (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.671333

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Image segmentation, Epoxies, Spatial resolution, Optical alignment, X-ray telescopes, X-rays, Distortion, Spectroscopy, Metrology

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2005 Paper

Paper

Stray light shielding for formation flying x-ray telescopes

Paul Reid, Michael Garcia, Jeffrey Stewart

Proceedings Volume 5900, 59000L (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.613945

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mirrors, Sun, Space operations, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Roentgenium, X-rays, Collimators, Photons

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2005 Paper

Paper

Technology development for the Constellation-X spectroscopy x-ray telescope

Robert Petre, John Lehan, Stephen O'Dell, Scott Owens, Paul Reid, Timo Saha, Jeff Stewart, William Jones, Wiiliam Zhang

Proceedings Volume 5900, 59000U (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.615172

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Actuators, Spectroscopy, Metrology, X-rays, Imaging spectroscopy, X-ray telescopes, Imaging systems, Epoxies, Spatial frequencies

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2005 Paper

Paper

Optical design and requirements for the normal incidence x-ray telescope of the Reconnection and Microscale Solar Probe

Paul Reid, Paul Glenn, Jay Bookbinder

Proceedings Volume 5900, 59000K (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.613951

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Aspheric lenses, Spherical lenses, Optical design, Diffraction, Wavefronts, X-ray telescopes, Reflectivity, EUV optics, X-ray optics

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2004 Paper

Paper

Optical metrology for the segmented optics on the Constellation-X spectroscopy x-ray telescope

David Content, David Colella, Theo Hadjimichael, John Lehan, Joseph McMann, Paul Reid, Timo Saha, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 5488, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.553231

KEYWORDS: Metrology, Computer generated holography, Mirrors, Reflectors, X-ray optics, X-ray telescopes, Interferometry, Profiling, Spectroscopy, Optical alignment

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2004 Paper

Paper

Generation-X: mission and technology studies for an x-ray observatory vision mission

Robert Cameron, Marshall Bautz, Roger Brissenden, Martin Elvis, Giuseppina Fabbiano, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Paul Gorenstein, Robert Petre, Paul Reid, Daniel Schwartz, Nicholas White, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 5488, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.552641

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Spatial resolution, Optics manufacturing, X-ray telescopes, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Actuators, X-rays

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2004 Paper

Paper

Development of lightweight x-ray mirrors for the Constellation-X mission

William Zhang, David Content, Stephen Henderson, John Lehan, Robert Petre, Timo Saha, Stephen O'Dell, William Jones, William Podgorski, Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 5488, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.552250

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Epoxies, Glasses, X-rays, Observatories, Metrology, Lightweight mirrors, X-ray astronomy, Astronomy, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2004 Paper

Paper

Constellation-X to Generation-X: evolution of large collecting area moderate resolution grazing incidence x-ray telescopes to larger area high-resolution adjustable optics

Paul Reid, Robert Cameron, Lester Cohen, Martin Elvis, Paul Gorenstein, Diab Jerius, Robert Petre, William Podgorski, Daniel Schwartz, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 5488, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.552861

KEYWORDS: Reflectors, Mirrors, Telescopes, Optical instrument design, Diffraction, Grazing incidence, X-ray telescopes, Space telescopes, Spatial frequencies, X-ray optics

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2004 Paper

Paper

The Constellation-X RGS options: raytrace modeling of the off-plane gratings

Kathryn Flanagan, John Davis, Ralf Heilmann, Alan Levine, Michael McGuirk, George Ricker, Mark Schattenburg, Michael Wise, Andrew Rasmussen, Jay Bookbinder, Mark Freeman, Terrance Gaetz, Diab Jerius, Dan Nguyen, William Podgorski, P. Reid, Webster Cash, Ann Shipley, Dennis Gallagher, Pei Huang, Steve Jordan

Proceedings Volume 5488, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.551766

KEYWORDS: Diffraction gratings, Spectral resolution, X-rays, Sensors, Roentgenium, Geometrical optics, Diffraction, Spectroscopy, Cameras, Space telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 2004 Paper

Paper

Incoming metrology of segmented x-ray mandrels at MSFC

Mikhail Gubarev, Steve O'Dell, Thomas Kester, David Lehner, William Jones, Martin Smithers, David Content, Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 5494, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.551902

KEYWORDS: Metrology, Mirrors, X-rays, Profilometers, Geometrical optics, X-ray telescopes, Spatial frequencies, Scattering, Ocean optics, Image segmentation

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Proceedings Article | 29 January 2004 Paper

Paper

Constellation-X spectroscopy x-ray telescope optical assembly pathfinder image error budget and performance prediction

William Podgorski, Jay Bookbinder, David Content, William Davis, Mark Freeman, Jason Hair, Scott Owens, Robert Petre, Paul Reid, Timo Saha, Jeffrey Stewart, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 5168, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.509487

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Error analysis, Optical fabrication, Received signal strength, X-ray telescopes, Image resolution, Optical alignment, Optical components, X-ray imaging, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 26 June 2003 Paper

Paper

157-nm Micrascan VII initial lithography results

Harry Sewell, Bruce Tirri, Timothy O'Neil, Thomas Fahey, Diane McCafferty, Paul Reid, James McClay

Proceedings Volume 5040, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.485423

KEYWORDS: Reticles, Pellicles, Semiconducting wafers, Lithography, Silicon, Oxygen, Absorption, Projection systems, Wafer-level optics, Nitrogen

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Proceedings Article | 28 November 2000 Paper

Paper

Performance of the engineering model x-ray mirror of the Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) for future GOES missions

Richard Catura, Marilyn Bruner, Paul Catura, Bruce Jurcevich, C. Kam, James Lemen, Syndie Meyer, Mons Morrison, Matthew Magida, Paul Reid, James Harvey, Patrick Thompson

Proceedings Volume 4138, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407565

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, X-ray imaging, Photons, Calibration, Charge-coupled devices, Space telescopes, Zerodur, Performance modeling, Solar processes

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Proceedings Article | 28 September 1999 Paper

Paper

Mathematical model for optical smoothing prediction of high-spatial-frequency surface errors

Pravin Mehta, Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 3786, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363825

KEYWORDS: Mathematical modeling, Surface finishing, Polishing, Data modeling, Spatial frequencies, Tolerancing, Optical fabrication, Metals, Interfaces, Integrated optics

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Proceedings Article | 2 November 1998 Paper

Paper

Design and performance predictions for the GOES SXI telescope

Marilyn Bruner, Richard Catura, James Harvey, Patrick Thompson, Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 3442, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.330256

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Sensors, Scattering, Space telescopes, Diffraction, Telescopes, Nickel, Optical design, Charge-coupled devices, Sun

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

Paper

Performance expectation versus reality

Leon Van Speybroeck, Diab Jerius, Richard Edgar, Terrance Gaetz, Ping Zhao, Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 3113, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.278890

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Scattering, Monochromatic aberrations, Optical components, Calibration, Coating, Surface roughness, Error analysis, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 20 June 1995 Paper

Paper

Fabrication and predicted performance of the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility mirror ensemble

Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 2515, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.212602

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Metrology, Surface finishing, Polishing, Calibration, X-rays, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Phase modulation, Astrophysics

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Proceedings Article | 7 December 1993 Paper

Paper

AXAF optical quality ensurance via the crosscheck process

John Patterson, Kevin Chisholm, Thomas Gordon, Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 1993, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.164982

KEYWORDS: Metrology, Calibration, Phase modulation, X-ray optics, X-rays, Mirrors, Optical testing, Optical fabrication, Data modeling, Integrated optics

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Proceedings Article | 26 March 1992 Paper

Paper

Fabrication of the first pair of optics for the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility

Paul Reid, Thomas Gordon, Matthew Magida

Proceedings Volume 1618, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.58041

KEYWORDS: Metrology, X-rays, Polishing, Optical fabrication, Astrophysics, Mirrors, X-ray optics, Precision optics, Error analysis, Data acquisition

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 June 1990

Alternative set of surface error descriptors for grazing incidenceoptics

Paul Reid, Andreas Nonnenmacher

OE, Vol. 29, Issue 06, (June 1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/12.55636

KEYWORDS: Grazing incidence, Telescopes

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Showing 5 of 92 publications

Proceedings Volume Editor (1)

SPIE Conference Volume | 1 November 1990

Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing

Conference Committee Involvement (20)

EUV and X-ray Optics: Synergy between Laboratory and Space IX

7 April 2025 | Prague, Czech Republic

EUV and X-ray Optics: Synergy between Laboratory and Space VIII

26 April 2023 | Prague, Czech Republic

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy X

3 August 2021 | San Diego, California, United States

EUV and X-ray Optics, Sources, and Instrumentation

19 April 2021 | Online Only, Czech Republic

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy IX

13 August 2019 | San Diego, California, United States

EUV and X-ray Optics: Synergy between Laboratory and Space

3 April 2019 | Prague, Czech Republic

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VIII

8 August 2017 | San Diego, California, United States

EUV and X-ray Optics: Synergy between Laboratory and Space

26 April 2017 | Prague, Czech Republic

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VII

11 August 2015 | San Diego, California, United States

EUV and X-ray Optics: Synergy between Laboratory and Space

13 April 2015 | Prague, Czech Republic

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VI

26 August 2013 | San Diego, California, United States

EUV and X-ray Optics: Synergy between Laboratory and Space III

17 April 2013 | Prague, Czech Republic

Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

1 July 2012 | Amsterdam, Netherlands

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy V

23 August 2011 | San Diego, California, United States

EUV and X-Ray Optics: Synergy between Laboratory and Space

20 April 2011 | Prague, Czech Republic

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy IV

4 August 2009 | San Diego, California, United States

EUV and X-ray Optics: Synergy between Laboratory and Space

20 April 2009 | Prague, Czech Republic

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy III

29 August 2007 | San Diego, California, United States

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy II

3 August 2005 | San Diego, California, United States

Advanced Optical manufacturing and Testing

9 July 1990 | San Diego, CA, United States

Showing 5 of 20 Conference Committees

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