Dr. Johan Rothman Profile

Dr. Johan Rothman

at MINATEC

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (58)

Proceedings Article | 12 July 2023 Open Access

HgCdTe APD detector module for deep space optical communications

J. Rothman, S. Pes, J. Abergel, S. Gout, A. Coquiard, G. Badano, G. Lasfargues, A. Vandeneyde, J.-A. Nicolas, J.-L. Santailler, S. Mejri

Proceedings Volume 12777, 127774B (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2690826

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Pulse signals, Quantum channels, Deep space optical communications, Signal detection, Photodetectors, Astronomical imaging, Single photon detectors, Picosecond phenomena

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 12 July 2023 Open Access

High dynamic range HgCdTe APD detector dedicated to LiDAR applications: design and test results

Eric de Borniol, Julie Abergel, Giacomo Badano, Jean-Alain Nicolas, Jean-Pierre Rostaing, Johan Rothman

Proceedings Volume 12777, 127772C (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2689980

KEYWORDS: Readout integrated circuits, Avalanche photodetectors, Pulsed laser operation, LIDAR, Photons, Pulse signals, Mercury cadmium telluride, Interference (communication), Capacitance, Background noise

Read Abstract +

LiDAR remote sensing of the atmosphere requires a photons detection chain with a high sensitivity and a high dynamic range associated with a good temporal resolution. To meet these requirements, a specific CMOS read out circuit (ROIC) has been studied, design and realized at CEA/Leti within the frame of the H2020 project HOLDON. This ROIC is based on a CTIA amplifier with four different current/voltage conversion gain thanks to capacitance ranging from 10 fF to 10 pf. Other functionalities like on chip sampling, auto-reset or programmable low pass filtering have been implemented to optimize the detector for different measurement chain. Based on this circuit architecture, two versions of the ROIC with different way to connect the circuit to the photodiodes have been manufactured and tested. The first one is design to be directly hybridized to a small array of photodiodes with a format imposed by the ROIC design in term of pixel pitch and array size. For the second ROIC version, the photodiode array is hybridized to an interconnection circuit used as a fan-out of electrical connections to a bonding pad. This module is then wire-bonded to the ROIC to get the final detector assembly. This configuration allows us to couple the ROIC with different APD geometry adapted to a specific application need. The performances of one of the first hybridized devices were previously presented during ICSO 2020[1]. For this review, we focus on the second version of the ROIC. The tested detector module is made of an array of 76 HgCdTe APD in parallel with a pixel pitch of 15 µm. The array forms a 150 µm diameter macro-photodiode. The device was tested at 78K within a liquid nitrogen cooled cryostat. Under photon flux, we have obtained a linear response of the device with an incoming flux varying over more than six orders of magnitude without varying the APD gain. This wild dynamic is associated with a high sensitivity with a noise standing below the unique photon. The response to a brief laser pulse gives a rise time ranging from 175 ns for the highest CTIA gain to 6 ns for the lowest CTIA gain.

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 1 August 2021 Presentation

Building an integrated quantum photonics platform on silicon for ultra-secure communications

Ségolène Olivier, Corrado Sciancalepore, Houssein El Dirani, Quentin Wilmart, Raouia Rhazi, Eva Monroy, Jean-Michel Gerard, Davide Bacco, Federico Sabattoli, Matteo Galli, Daniele Bajoni, Johan Rothman

Proceedings Volume 11806, 118060P (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2594711

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Silicon photonics, Photonics, Waveguides, Quantum key distribution, Photons, Quantum communications, Optical filters, Laser development, Visibility

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 11 June 2021 Open Access

Reaching GHz single photon detection rates with HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes detectors

S. Pes, J. Rothman, P. Bleuet, J. Abergel, S. Gout, P. Ballet, J.-L. Santailler, J.-A. Nicolas, J.-P. Rostaing, S. Renet, A. Vandeneynde, L. Mathieu, J. Le Perchec

Proceedings Volume 11852, 118525S (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2600012

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 11 June 2021 Open Access

HgCdTe APDs detector developments for high speed, low photon number and large dynamic range photo-detection

Johan Rothman, E. De Borniol, S. Pes, A. Dumas, B. Hoareau, S. Renet, L. Mathieu, J.-A. Nicolas, J.-P. Rostaing, J. le Perchec, G. Badano, P. Bleuet, P. Castelein, J. Abergel, S. Gout, X. Baudry, P. Ballet, J.-L. Santailler

Proceedings Volume 11852, 118520F (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2599159

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 12 April 2021 Presentation + Paper

High operating temperature n-on-p extrinsic MWIR HgCdTe photodiodes

M. Soria, P. Bleuet, F. Boulard, J.-L. Santailler, F. Marmonier, L. Bonnefond, T. Pellerin, G. Poisson, J. Rothman

Proceedings Volume 11741, 117411C (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2587706

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Photodiodes, Mid-IR, Doping, Semiconducting wafers, Diffusion, Luminescence, Imaging systems, Infrared radiation, Infrared imaging

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 12 July 2019 Open Access

HgCdTe APDs detector developments at CEA/Leti for atmospheric lidar and free space optical communications

Johan Rothman, Pierre Bleuet, Julie Abergel, Sylvain Gout, Gilles Lasfargues, Lydie Mathieu, Jean-Alain Nicolas, Jean-Pierre Rostaing, Stephanie Huet, Pierre Castelein, Kévin Aubaret, Olivier Saint-Pé

Proceedings Volume 11180, 111803S (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2536055

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Avalanche photodetectors, Mercury cadmium telluride, LIDAR, Photons, Detector development, Signal detection, Interference (communication), Atmospheric sensing, Free space optics

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 7 May 2019 Presentation + Paper

Development of sub-10µm pitch HgCdTe infrared detectors

J. Abergel, F. Rochette, S. Gout, X. Baudry, C. Grangier, A. Even, J.-L. Santailler, D. Giotta, R. Obrecht, T. Pellerin, L. Bonnefond, J. Rothman, S. Bisotto

Proceedings Volume 11002, 1100222 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2520030

KEYWORDS: Diodes, Modulation transfer functions, Mercury cadmium telluride, Infrared detectors, Sensors

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 21 February 2018 Paper

Simulation method for large subwavelength devices in infrared imaging systems and comparison with experiment

Quentin Abadie, Luc André, Abdelkader Aliane, Johan Rothman

Proceedings Volume 10542, 1054211 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2287807

KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Wavefronts, Monochromatic aberrations, Ray tracing, Zemax, Infrared imaging, Imaging devices, Microelectronics, Geometrical optics

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 15 February 2018 Presentation + Paper

HgCdTe APDs for free space optical communications

Johan Rothman, Pierre Bleuet, Luc Andre, Quentin Abadie, Geoffroy Bordot, Sylvette Bisotto, Guillaume Audoit, Jean-Alain Nicolas, Bertrand Dupont, Jean-Pierre Rostand, Gilles Lasfargues

Proceedings Volume 10524, 1052411 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2286474

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Sensors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Photons, Free space optics, Single photon, Readout integrated circuits, Electrons, Absorption, Error analysis

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 17 November 2017 Open Access

HgCdTe APDS for space applications

Johan Rothman, Eric de Broniol, Kevin Foubert, Laurent Mollard, Nicolas Péré-Laperne, Frederic Salvetti, Alexandre Kerlain, Yann Reibel

Proceedings Volume 10563, 105631T (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2304150

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Sensors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Free space optics, LIDAR, Electrons, Staring arrays, Mid-IR, Optical amplifiers, Single photon

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 17 November 2017 Open Access

ROIC development at CEA for SWIR detectors: pixel circuit architecture and trade-offs

F. Guellec, O. Boulade, C. Cervera, V. Moreau, O. Gravrand, J. Rothman, J.-P. Zanatta

Proceedings Volume 10563, 105630K (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2304212

KEYWORDS: Capacitance, Readout integrated circuits, Photodiodes, Sensors, Cadmium sulfide, Short wave infrared radiation, Optical amplifiers, Astronomical imaging, Avalanche photodetectors, Molybdenum

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 17 November 2017 Open Access

SWIR HgCdTe avalanche photiode focal plane array performances evaluation

E. de Borniol, J. Rothman, F. Salveti, P. Feautrier

Proceedings Volume 10563, 1056310 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2304265

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Staring arrays, Avalanche photodetectors, Photons, Quantum efficiency, Interference (communication), Readout integrated circuits, Amplifiers, Photodiodes, Nonuniformity corrections

Read Abstract +

One of the main challenges of modern astronomical instruments like adaptive optics (AO) systems or fringe trackers is to deal with the very low photons flux detection scenarios. The typical timescale of atmospheric turbulences being in the range of some tens of milliseconds, infrared wavefront sensors for AO systems needs frame rates higher than 1 KHz leading to integration times lower than 1 ms. This integration time associated with a low irradiance results in a few number of integrated photons per frame per pixel. To preserve the information coming from this weak signal, the focal plane array (FPA) has to present a low read out noise, a high quantum efficiency and a low dark current. Up to now, the output noise of high speed near infrared sensors is limited by the silicon read out circuit noise. The use of HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes with high gain at moderate reverse bias and low excess noise seems then a logical way to reduce the impact of the read noise on images signal to noise ratio. These low irradiance passive imaging applications with integration times in the millisecond range needs low photodiode dark current and low background current. These requirements lead to the choice of the photodiode cut off wavelength. The short wave infrared (SWIR) around 3 μm is a good compromise between the gain that can be obtain for a given APD bias and the background and dark current. The CEA LETI HgCdTe APD technology, and a fine analysis of the gain curve characteristic are presented in [1] and won’t be detailed here. The response time of the APD is also a key factor for a high frame rate FPA. This parameter has been evaluated in [2] and the results shows cut off frequencies in the GHz range.

In this communication we report the performances of a SWIR APD FPA designed and fabricated by CEA LETI and SOFRADIR for astrophysical applications. This development was made in the frame of RAPID, a 4 years R&D project funded by the French FUI (Fond Unique Interministériel). This project involves industrial and academic partners from the field of advanced infrared focal plane arrays fabrication (SOFRADIR and CEA LETI) and of astronomical/defense institutes (IPAG, LAM, ONERA). The goal of this program is to develop a fast and low noise SWIR camera for astronomical fast applications like adaptive optics wavefront sensing and fringe tracking for astronomical interferometers [3].

The first batch of FPA’s was based on liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) grown photodiode arrays with 3 μm cut off wavelength. In order to get higher avalanche gain for a given photodiode reverse bias voltage, we have made a second batch with a cadmium composition leading to 3.3 μm cut off wavelength (λ_c). This paper described the read out circuit in the next section. The aim section III is to find the critical parameter that has to be measured to evaluate the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of an APD FPA. The main electro optical characteristics of an FPA based on 3.3μm cut off wavelength APDs are reported in “Rapid FPAs characterisation” section. The dark current evolution with temperature of a 3 μm FPA high and low APD bias is also detailed in this section.

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 17 November 2017 Open Access

Current 2- ?m dial measurements of atmospheric Co2 and expected results from space using new MCT APDS

A. Dumas, F. Gibert, J. Rothman, D. Édouart, F. Le Mounier, C. Cénac

Proceedings Volume 10563, 105630B (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2304179

KEYWORDS: Carbon dioxide, Avalanche photodetectors, Photons

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 25 September 2017 Open Access

HgCdTe APDS for time resolved space applications

J. Rothman, G. Lasfargues, B. Delacourt, A. Dumas, F. Gibert, A. Bardoux, M. Boutillier

Proceedings Volume 10562, 105623F (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2296240

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Sensors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Single photon, Optical amplifiers, LIDAR, Astronomical imaging, Absorption, Electrons, Quantum efficiency

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 25 September 2017 Open Access

HgCdTe detectors for space and science imaging in France: general issues and latest achievements

O. Gravrand, J. Rothman, C. Cervera, N. Baier, C. Lobre, J. P. Zanatta, O. Boulade, V. Moreau, B. Fieque

Proceedings Volume 10562, 1056240 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2296207

KEYWORDS: Diodes, Diffusion, Quantum efficiency, Staring arrays, Readout integrated circuits, Long wavelength infrared, Near infrared, Astronomy, Liquid phase epitaxy, Astronomical imaging

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 20 February 2017 Presentation + Paper

High-quality and homogeneous 200-mm GeOI wafers processed for high strain induction in Ge

A. Gassenq, S. Tardif, K. Guilloy, N. Pauc, M. Bertrand, D. Rouchon, J. Hartmann, J. Widiez, J. Rothman, Y. Niquet, I. Duchemin, J. Faist, T. Zabel, H. Sigg, F. Rieutord, A. Chelnokov, V. Reboud, V. Calvo

Proceedings Volume 10108, 101081B (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2251790

KEYWORDS: Germanium, Semiconducting wafers, Silicon, Photonics, CMOS technology, Synchrotrons, Crystals, Bridges, Raman spectroscopy, Wafer-level optics, Silicon photonics, Thermography, Molecular bridges

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 20 February 2017 Presentation + Paper

Inductively coupled plasma etching of germanium tin for the fabrication of photonic components

L. Milord, J. Aubin, A. Gassenq, S. Tardif, K. Guilloy, N. Pauc, J. Rothman, A. Chelnokov, J. M. Hartmann, V. Calvo, V. Reboud

Proceedings Volume 10108, 101080C (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2252280

KEYWORDS: Isotropic etching, Tin, Mid-IR, Photonics, Germanium, Laser applications, Silicon photonics, Etching, Anisotropic etching, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Luminescence, Gases, Plasma etching

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 27 January 2017 Presentation + Paper

HgCdTe APDs for low-photon number IR detection

J. Rothman, E. de Borniol, J. Abergel, G. Lasfargues, B. Delacourt, A. Dumas, F. Gibert, O. Boulade, X. Lefoule

Proceedings Volume 10111, 1011119 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2256175

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Avalanche photodetectors, Single photon, Sensors, Imaging spectroscopy, LIDAR, Wavefronts, Mid-IR, Quantum cryptography, Quantum information, Readout integrated circuits, Photons, Electrons, Signal to noise ratio, Quantum efficiency, Staring arrays

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 27 January 2017 Presentation + Paper

InAs/InAsSb superlattice structure tailored for detection of the full midwave infrared spectral domain

Q. Durlin, J. P. Perez, R. Rossignol, J. B. Rodriguez, L. Cerutti, B. Delacourt, J. Rothman, C. Cervera, P. Christol

Proceedings Volume 10111, 1011112 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2250908

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Stereolithography, Photodetectors, Sensors, Superlattices, Absorption, Indium arsenide, Antimony, Gallium antimonide, Luminescence

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 5 August 2016 Paper

MCT APD focal plane arrays for astronomy at CEA-LETI

J. Rothman, E. de Borniol, O. Gravrand, P. Kern, P. Feautrier, J.-B. Le Bouquin, O. Boulade

Proceedings Volume 9915, 99150B (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2234688

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Sensors, Astronomy, Mercury cadmium telluride, Avalanche photodetectors, Quantum efficiency, Photons, Readout integrated circuits, Signal to noise ratio, Electrons

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 20 May 2016 Paper

Latest achievements on MCT IR detectors for space and science imaging

O. Gravrand, J. Rothman, P. Castelein, C. Cervera, N. Baier, C. Lobre, E. De Borniol, J. P. Zanatta, O. Boulade, V. Moreau, B. Fieque, P. Chorier

Proceedings Volume 9819, 98191W (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2228456

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Liquid phase epitaxy, Long wavelength infrared, Diodes, Diffusion, Staring arrays, Quantum efficiency, Readout integrated circuits, Mid-IR, Astronomy, Avalanche photodetectors

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 29 October 2015 Paper

HgCdTe APDs for free space optical communications

J. Rothman, G. Lasfargues, J. Abergel

Proceedings Volume 9647, 96470N (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2197171

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Avalanche photodetectors, Free space optics, Free space optical communications, Avalanche photodiodes, Optical components, Free space, Telecommunications, Laser communications, Data communications, Solid state lasers, Sensors, Electrons, LIDAR, Optical amplifiers, Diffusion

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 31 October 2014 Paper

High operating temperature SWIR HgCdTe APDs for remote sensing

J. Rothman, K. Foubert, G. Lasfargues, C. Largeron, I. Zayer, Z. Sodnik, M. Mosberger, J. Widmer

Proceedings Volume 9254, 92540P (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2069486

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Sensors, Mercury cadmium telluride, LIDAR, Electrons, Free space optics, Staring arrays, Short wave infrared radiation, Single photon, Mid-IR

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 30 July 2014 Paper

RAPID, a revolutionary fast optical to NIR camera applied to interferometry

S. Guieu, P. Feautrier, G. Zins, J.-B. Le Bouquin, E. Stadler, P. Kern, J. Rothman, M. Tauvy, J. Coussement, E. de Borniol, J-L. Gach, M. Jacquard, T. Moulin, S. Rochat, A. Delboulb, S. Derelle, C. Robert, M. Vuillermet, A. Mérand, P. Bourget

Proceedings Volume 9146, 91461N (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2056334

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Cameras, Interferometry, Stars, Telescopes, Infrared cameras, Avalanche photodetectors, Near infrared, Interferometers, Polarization

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 23 July 2014 Paper

CNES detector development for scientific space missions: status and roadmap for infrared detectors

H. Geoffray, O. Boulade, B. Fièque, O. Gravrand, J. Rothmann, J. Zanatta, L. Tauziède, A. Bardoux

Proceedings Volume 9154, 915402 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2058070

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Diodes, Photodiodes, Infrared detectors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Detector development, Short wave infrared radiation, Diffusion, Infrared radiation, Readout integrated circuits

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 21 July 2014 Paper

Revolutionary visible and infrared sensor detectors for the most advanced astronomical AO systems

Philippe Feautrier, Jean-Luc Gach, Sylvain Guieu, Mark Downing, Paul Jorden, Johan Rothman, Eric de Borniol, Philippe Balard, Eric Stadler, Christian Guillaume, David Boutolleau, Jérome Coussement, Johann Kolb, Norbert Hubin, Sophie Derelle, Clélia Robert, Julien Tanchon, Thierry Trollier, Alain Ravex, Gérard Zins, Pierre Kern, Thibaut Moulin, Sylvain Rochat, Alain Delpoulbé, Jean-Baptiste Lebouqun

Proceedings Volume 9148, 914818 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2055324

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Cameras, Adaptive optics, Imaging systems, Infrared radiation, Photodiodes, Infrared sensors, Astronomy, Detector development, Wavefront sensors

Read Abstract +

We report in this paper decisive advance on the detector development for the astronomical applications that require very fast operation. Since the CCD220 and OCAM2 major success, new detector developments started in Europe either for visible and IR wavelengths. Funded by ESO and the FP7 Opticon European network, the NGSD CMOS device is fully dedicated to Natural and Laser Guide Star AO for the E-ELT with strong ESO involvement. The NGSD will be a 880x840 pixels CMOS detector with a readout noise of 3 e (goal 1e) at 700 Hz frame rate and providing digital outputs. A camera development, based on this CMOS device and also funded by the Opticon European network, is ongoing. Another major AO wavefront sensing detector development concerns IR detectors based on Avalanche Photodiode (e- APD) arrays within the RAPID project. Developed by the SOFRADIR and CEA/LETI manufacturers, the latter offers a 320x255 8 outputs 30 microns IR array, sensitive from 0.4 to 3 microns, with less than 2 e readout noise at 1600 fps. A rectangular window can also be programmed to speed up even more the frame rate when the full frame readout is not required. The high QE response, in the range of 70%, is almost flat over this wavelength range. Advanced packaging with miniature cryostat using pulse tube cryocoolers was developed in the frame of this programme in order to allow use on this detector in any type of environment. The characterization results of this device are presented here. Readout noise as low as 1.7 e at 1600 fps has been measured with a 3 microns wavelength cut-off chip and a multiplication gain of 14 obtained with a limited photodiode polarization of 8V. This device also exhibits excellent linearity, lower than 1%. The pulse tube cooling allows smart and easy cooling down to 55 K. Vibrations investigations using centroiding and FFT measurements were performed proving that the miniature pulse tube does not induce measurable vibrations to the optical bench, allowing use of this cooled device without liquid nitrogen in very demanding environmental conditions. A successful test of this device was performed on sky on the PIONIER 4 telescopes beam combiner on the VLTi at ESOParanal in June 2014. First Light Imaging, which will commercialize a camera system using also APD infrared arrays in its proprietary wavefront sensor camera platform. These programs are held with several partners, among them are the French astronomical laboratories (LAM, OHP, IPAG), the detector manufacturers (e2v technologies, Sofradir, CEA/LETI) and other partners (ESO, ONERA, IAC, GTC, First Light Imaging). Funding is: Opticon FP7 from European Commission, ESO, CNRS and Université de Provence, Sofradir, ONERA, CEA/LETI the French FUI (DGCIS), the FOCUS Labex and OSEO.

Proceedings Article | 21 July 2014 Paper

Very low noise Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor for adaptive optics in the near-IR

Silvère Gousset, Clélia Robert, Thierry Fusco, Vincent Michau, Cyril Petit, Sophie Derelle, Joel Deschamps, Philippe Feautrier, Eric Stadler, Eric de Borniol, Johan Rothman, Jérôme Coussement

Proceedings Volume 9148, 91481A (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2057712

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Mercury cadmium telluride, Sensors, Wavefront sensors, Avalanche photodetectors, Calibration, Statistical analysis, Computer simulations, Cameras, Error analysis

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 31 January 2014 Paper

Design, fabrication, and characterization of InSb avalanche photodiode

J. Abautret, A. Evirgen, J. P. Perez, P. Christol, A. Rouvié, R. Cluzel, A. Cordat, J. Rothman

Proceedings Volume 8993, 899314 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2039011

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Doping, Electrons, Absorption, Avalanche photodiodes, Diodes, PIN photodiodes, Photodiodes, Mid-IR, Infrared imaging

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 25 October 2013 Paper

Large format, small pixel pitch and hot detectors at SOFRADIR

Y. Reibel, A. Rouvie, A. Nedelcu, T. Augey, N. Pere-Laperne, L. Rubaldo, D. Billon-Lanfrey, O. Gravrand, J. Rothman, G. Destefanis

Proceedings Volume 8896, 88960B (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2030698

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mid-IR, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Infrared detectors, Indium gallium arsenide, Medium wave, Staring arrays, Infrared technology, Infrared radiation, Infrared sensors

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 11 March 2013 Paper

Development of HgCdTe single-element APDs based detectors for low flux short wave infrared applications

K. Foubert, G. Lasfargues, L. Mathieu, S. Benahmed, G. Vojetta, J. Rothman, Q. Benoît à la Guillaume, Vincent Calvo, Jérémy Picot-Clemente, Florent Le Mounier, Fabien Gibert

Proceedings Volume 8621, 86210F (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2004109

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Signal to noise ratio, Readout integrated circuits, LIDAR, Optical amplifiers, Photon counting, Photodetectors

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 8 November 2012 Paper

High-performance MCT and QWIP IR detectors at Sofradir

Yann Reibel, Laurent Rubaldo, Alain Manissadjian, David Billon-Lanfrey, Johan Rothman, Eric de Borniol, Gérard Destéfanis, E. Costard

Proceedings Volume 8541, 85410A (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.975671

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Avalanche photodetectors, Medium wave, Infrared detectors, Mid-IR, Standards development, Readout integrated circuits, Infrared technology

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 13 September 2012 Paper

Advances in detector technologies for visible and infrared wavefront sensing

Philippe Feautrier, Jean-Luc Gach, Mark Downing, Paul Jorden, Johann Kolb, Johan Rothman, Thierry Fusco, Philippe Balard, Eric Stadler, Christian Guillaume, David Boutolleau, Gérard Destefanis, Nicolas Lhermet, Olivier Pacaud, Michel Vuillermet, Alexandre Kerlain, Norbert Hubin, Javier Reyes, Markus Kasper, Olaf Ivert, Wolfgang Suske, Andrew Walker, Michael Skegg, Sophie Derelle, Joel Deschamps, Clélia Robert, Nicolas Vedrenne, Frédéric Chazalet, Julien Tanchon, Thierry Trollier, Alain Ravex, Gérard Zins, Pierre Kern, Thibaut Moulin, Olivier Preis

Proceedings Volume 8447, 84470Q (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925067

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Cameras, Adaptive optics, Charge-coupled devices, Wavefront sensors, Imaging systems, Avalanche photodetectors, CMOS sensors, Infrared radiation, Quantum efficiency

Read Abstract +

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the state of the art wavefront sensor detectors developments held in Europe for the last decade. The success of the next generation of instruments for 8 to 40-m class telescopes will depend on the ability of Adaptive Optics (AO) systems to provide excellent image quality and stability. This will be achieved by increasing the sampling, wavelength range and correction quality of the wave front error in both spatial and time domains. The modern generation of AO wavefront sensor detectors development started in the late nineties with the CCD50 detector fabricated by e2v technologies under ESO contract for the ESO NACO AO system. With a 128x128 pixels format, this 8 outputs CCD offered a 500 Hz frame rate with a readout noise of 7e-. A major breakthrough has been achieved with the recent development by e2v technologies of the CCD220. This 240x240 pixels 8 outputs EMCCD (CCD with internal multiplication) has been jointly funded by ESO and Europe under the FP6 programme. The CCD220 and the OCAM2 camera that operates the detector are now the most sensitive system in the world for advanced adaptive optics systems, offering less than 0.2 e readout noise at a frame rate of 1500 Hz with negligible dark current. Extremely easy to operate, OCAM2 only needs a 24 V power supply and a modest water cooling circuit. This system, commercialized by First Light Imaging, is extensively described in this paper. An upgrade of OCAM2 is foreseen to boost its frame rate to 2 kHz, opening the window of XAO wavefront sensing for the ELT using 4 synchronized cameras and pyramid wavefront sensing. Since this major success, new developments started in Europe. One is fully dedicated to Natural and Laser Guide Star AO for the E-ELT with ESO involvement. The spot elongation from a LGS Shack Hartman wavefront sensor necessitates an increase of the pixel format. Two detectors are currently developed by e2v. The NGSD will be a 880x840 pixels CMOS detector with a readout noise of 3 e (goal 1e) at 700 Hz frame rate. The LGSD is a scaling of the NGSD with 1760x1680 pixels and 3 e readout noise (goal 1e) at 700 Hz (goal 1000 Hz) frame rate. New technologies will be developed for that purpose: advanced CMOS pixel architecture, CMOS back thinned and back illuminated device for very high QE, full digital outputs with signal digital conversion on chip. In addition, the CMOS technology is extremely robust in a telescope environment. Both detectors will be used on the European ELT but also interest potentially all giant telescopes under development. Additional developments also started for wavefront sensing in the infrared based on a new technological breakthrough using ultra low noise Avalanche Photodiode (APD) arrays within the RAPID project. Developed by the SOFRADIR and CEA/LETI manufacturers, the latter will offer a 320x240 8 outputs 30 microns IR array, sensitive from 0.4 to 3.2 microns, with 2 e readout noise at 1500 Hz frame rate. The high QE response is almost flat over this wavelength range. Advanced packaging with miniature cryostat using liquid nitrogen free pulse tube cryocoolers is currently developed for this programme in order to allow use on this detector in any type of environment. First results of this project are detailed here. These programs are held with several partners, among them are the French astronomical laboratories (LAM, OHP, IPAG), the detector manufacturers (e2v technologies, Sofradir, CEA/LETI) and other partners (ESO, ONERA, IAC, GTC). Funding is: Opticon FP6 and FP7 from European Commission, ESO, CNRS and Université de Provence, Sofradir, ONERA, CEA/LETI and the French FUI (DGCIS).

Proceedings Article | 31 May 2012 Paper

Small pixel pitch solutions for active and passive imaging

Yann Reibel, Alexandre Kerlain, Gwladys Bonnouvier, David Billon-Lanfrey, Johan Rothman, Laurent Mollard, Eric de Borniol, Gérard Destefanis

Proceedings Volume 8353, 83532G (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.921806

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Signal to noise ratio, Staring arrays, Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Readout integrated circuits, Imaging systems, Thermography, Interference (communication), Signal detection

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 23 May 2012 Paper

Linear photon-counting with HgCdTe APDs

Gautier Vojetta, Fabrice Guellec, Lydie Mathieu, Kevin Foubert, Philippe Feautrier, Johan Rothman

Proceedings Volume 8375, 83750Y (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.921869

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Readout integrated circuits, Mid-IR, Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Single photon, Electrons, Photodetectors, Signal to noise ratio

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 22 May 2012

Active three-dimensional and thermal imaging with a 30-μm pitch 320×256 HgCdTe avalanche photodiode focal plane array

Eric De Borniol, Johan Rothman, Fabrice Guellec, Gautier Vojetta, Gérard Destéfanis, Olivier Pacaud

OE, Vol. 51, Issue 6, 061305, (May 2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.51.6.061305

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, 3D image processing, Pulsed laser operation, Avalanche photodetectors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Thermography, Readout integrated circuits, Avalanche photodiodes, LIDAR, Sensors

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 28 September 2011 Paper

Latest developments in advanced MCT infrared cooled detectors

Yann Reibel, Laurent Rubaldo, Gwladys Bonnouvrier, Sebastien Verdet, David Billon-Lanfrey, Gerard Destéfanis, Laurent Mollard, Jacques Baylet, Johan Rothman, Guillaume Druart, Nicolas Guerineau

Proceedings Volume 8185, 818503 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.899998

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Avalanche photodetectors, Staring arrays, Infrared detectors, Mid-IR, Medium wave, Standards development, Infrared imaging, Infrared sensors, Integrated optics

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 21 May 2011 Paper

A 320x256 HgCdTe avalanche photodiode focal plane array for passive and active 2D and 3D imaging

Eric De Borniol, Pierre Castelein, Fabrice Guellec, Johan Rothman, Gautier Vojetta, Gérard Destéfanis, Michel Vuillermet

Proceedings Volume 8012, 801232 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.884466

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Pulsed laser operation, 3D image processing, Readout integrated circuits, Avalanche photodetectors, Ranging, Mercury cadmium telluride, Avalanche photodiodes, Stereoscopy, Detector arrays

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 21 May 2011 Paper

HOT infrared detectors using MCT technology

Michel Vuillermet, Laurent Rubaldo, Fabien Chabuel, Christophe Pautet, Jean Christophe Terme, Laurent Mollard, Johan Rothman, Nicolas Baier

Proceedings Volume 8012, 80122W (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.885601

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Diodes, Medium wave, Staring arrays, Infrared detectors, Interference (communication), Reliability, Temperature metrology, Mercury cadmium telluride, CMOS technology

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 29 October 2010 Paper

HgCdTe APD-focal plane array development at DEFIR

Johan Rothman, Eric De Borniol, Olivier Gravrand, Sylvette Bisotto, Laurent Mollard, Fabrice Guellec, Frederic Pistone, Solène Courtas, Xavier Lefoule

Proceedings Volume 7834, 78340O (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.865482

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Staring arrays, Avalanche photodetectors, Readout integrated circuits, Cadmium, Liquid phase epitaxy, Dispersion, Ultraviolet radiation, Medium wave, Mid-IR

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 28 October 2010 Paper

Experimental characterization of an infrared focal plane array for flash laser radar imaging

Eric de Borniol, Fabrice Guellec, Johan Rothman, André Perez, Nicolas Baier, Pierre Castelein, Gérard Destéfanis, Frédéric Pistone

Proceedings Volume 7834, 78340P (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.865954

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, 3D image processing, Pulsed laser operation, LIDAR, Avalanche photodetectors, Ranging, 3D metrology, Readout integrated circuits, Mercury cadmium telluride, Signal to noise ratio

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 4 May 2010 Paper

HgCdTe-based APD focal plane array for 2D and 3D active imaging: first results on a 320 x 256 with 30 µm pitch demonstrator

Eric de Borniol, Fabrice Guellec, Johan Rothman, André Perez, Jean-Paul Zanatta, Michael Tchagaspanian, Pierre Castelein, Gérard Destéfanis, Jean-Christophe Peyrard, Frédéric Pistone

Proceedings Volume 7660, 76603D (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.850689

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Pulsed laser operation, Readout integrated circuits, LIDAR, 3D metrology, Ranging, Nonuniformity corrections, 3D image processing, Photons, Capacitors

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 4 May 2010 Paper

Low IR input flux condition operations thanks to MCT e-APD

Frédéric Pistone, Philippe Tribolet, Gilbert Decaens, Sebastien Verdet, Johan Rothman, Eric De Borniol

Proceedings Volume 7660, 76603B (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.850232

KEYWORDS: Readout integrated circuits, Avalanche photodetectors, Sensors, Staring arrays, Mercury cadmium telluride, Gated imaging, Medium wave, Diodes, Electrons, Photodiodes

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 18 May 2009 Paper

Experimental performances and Monte Carlo modelling of LWIR HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes

S. Derelle, S. Bernhardt, R, Haidar, J, Deschamps, J, Primot, J, Rothman, S. Rommeluere, N. Guérineau

Proceedings Volume 7356, 735627 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.821185

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Mercury cadmium telluride, Avalanche photodetectors, Monte Carlo methods, Ionization, Mid-IR, Avalanche photodiodes, Signal to noise ratio, Temperature metrology, Mercury

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

New high-gain detectors for active imaging

Frederic Pistone, P. Tribolet, X. Lefoul, M. Zecri, S. Courtas, P. Jenouvrier, Johan Rothman

Proceedings Volume 7298, 729834 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.819829

KEYWORDS: Readout integrated circuits, Sensors, Avalanche photodetectors, Gated imaging, Infrared sensors, Staring arrays, Avalanche photodiodes, Diodes, Photons, Signal to noise ratio

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

Status of p-on-n HgCdTe technologies at DEFIR

N. Baier, L. Mollard, J. Rothman, G. Destéfanis, P. Ballet, G. Bourgeois, J. Zanatta, M. Tchagaspanian, S. Courtas, P. Fougères, C. Pautet, P. Pidancier, L. Rubaldo

Proceedings Volume 7298, 729823 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.820343

KEYWORDS: Arsenic, Sensors, Photodiodes, Doping, Staring arrays, Indium, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Dispersion, Temperature metrology

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

HgCdTe APD-focal plane array performance at DEFIR

Johan Rothman, Eric De Borniol, Philippe Ballet, Laurent Mollard, Sylvain Gout, M. Fournier, Jean-Paul Chamonal, Gérard Destéfanis, Frederic Pistone, Solène Courtas, Xavier Lefoule, Philip Tribolet

Proceedings Volume 7298, 729835 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.819320

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Photons, Readout integrated circuits, Staring arrays, Medium wave, Cadmium, Doping, Diffusion, Dispersion

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 15 May 2008 Paper

HgCdTe FPAs made by arsenic-ion implantation

L. Mollard, G. Destefanis, J. Rothman, N. Baier, S. Bisotto, P. Ballet, J. Chamonal, P. Castelein, J. Zanatta, M. Tchagaspanian, A. Papon, J. Barnes, F. Henry, S. Gout, G. Bourgeois, C. Pautet, P. Fougères

Proceedings Volume 6940, 69400F (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.780582

KEYWORDS: Arsenic, Long wavelength infrared, Doping, Mid-IR, Mercury cadmium telluride, Photodiodes, Annealing, Indium, Mercury, Diffusion

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 5 May 2008 Paper

Advanced pixel design for infrared 3D LADAR imaging

Fabrice Guellec, Michaël Tchagaspanian, Eric de Borniol, Pierre Castelein, André Perez, Johan Rothman

Proceedings Volume 6940, 69402M (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.779284

KEYWORDS: Pulsed laser operation, LIDAR, 3D metrology, Avalanche photodetectors, Readout integrated circuits, Photons, 3D image processing, Ranging, Avalanche photodiodes, Analog electronics

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 5 May 2008 Paper

HgCdTe APD- focal plane array development at CEA Leti-Minatec

Johan Rothman, Gwladys Perrais, Eric De Borniol, Pierre Castelein, Nicholas Baier, Fabrice Guellec, Michael Tchagaspanian, Philippe Ballet, Laurent Mollard, Sylvain Gout, André Perez, Maryse Fournier, Jean-Paul Chamonal, Philippe Tribolet, Gerard Destefanis

Proceedings Volume 6940, 69402N (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.780447

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Liquid phase epitaxy, Mercury cadmium telluride, Medium wave, Staring arrays, Readout integrated circuits, 3D image processing, 3D metrology, Stereoscopy, Diffusion

Read Abstract +

We report the latest developments of MW HgCdTe electron initiated avalanche photo-diodes (e-APDs) focal plane arrays (FPAs) at CEA-LETI. The MW e-APD FPAs are developed in view of ultra-sensitive high dynamic range passive starring arrays, active 2D/3D and dual-mode passive-active imaging, which is why both the passive imaging performance and the gain characteristics of the APDs are of interest. A passive mode responsivity operability of 99.9% was measured in LPE and MBE e-APDs FPAs associated with an average NETD=12mK, demonstrating that dual mode passive-active imaging can be achieved with LETI e-APDs without degradation in the passive imaging performance. The gain and sensitivity performances were measured in test arrays and using a low voltage technology (3.3V) CTIA test pixel designed for 3D active imaging. The CTIA and test arrays measurements yielded comparable results in terms of bias gain dependence (M=100 at V_b=-7V), low excess noise factor (=1.2) and low equivalent input current (I_{eq_in}<1pA). These results validated the low voltage CTIA approach for integrating the current from a HgCdTe e-APD under high bias. The test array measurements demonstrated a relative dispersion below 2% in both MBE and LPE e- APDs for gains higher than M>100, associated with an operability of 99%. The operability at I_{eq_in}<1pA at M=30 was 95%. A record low value of Ieq_in=1fA was estimated in the MBE e-APDs at M=100, indicating the potential for using the MW e-APDs for very low flux applications. The high potential of the MW e-APDS for active imaging was demonstrated by impulse response measurements which yielded a typical rise time lower than 100ps and diffusion limited fall time of 900ps to 5ns, depending on the pixel pitch. This potential was confirmed by the demonstration of a 2ns time of flight (TOF) resolution in the CTIA e-APD 3D pixel. The combined photon and dark current induced equivalent back ground noise at f/8 with a cold band pass filter at λ=1.55μm was 2 electrons rms for an integration time of 50ns.

Proceedings Article | 28 April 2008 Paper

A Monte Carlo study of multiplication and noise in HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes

S. Derelle, S. Bernhardt, R. Haidar, J. Primot, J. Deschamps, J. Rothman, G. Perrais

Proceedings Volume 7003, 70031P (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.780501

KEYWORDS: Scattering, Ionization, Monte Carlo methods, Phonons, Mercury cadmium telluride, Avalanche photodetectors, Avalanche photodiodes, Absorption, Infrared radiation, Manufacturing

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 18 April 2008 Paper

Advanced HgCdTe technologies and dual-band developments

Philippe Tribolet, Gérard Destefanis, Philippe Ballet, Jacques Baylet, Olivier Gravrand, Johan Rothman

Proceedings Volume 6940, 69402P (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.779902

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Infrared detectors, Sensors, Liquid phase epitaxy, Diodes, Avalanche photodetectors, Infrared imaging, Staring arrays, Medium wave, Signal to noise ratio

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 14 May 2007 Paper

High performance characteristics in pin MW HgCdTe e-APDs

J. Rothman, G. Perrais, G. Destefanis, J. Baylet, P. Castelein, J.-P. Chamonal

Proceedings Volume 6542, 654219 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.723465

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Medium wave, Diodes, Diffusion, Signal to noise ratio, Photon counting, Absorption, Sensors, Interference (communication)

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 5 October 2006 Paper

Demonstration of multifunctional bi-colour-avalanche gain detection in HgCdTe FPA

G. Perrais, J. Rothman, G. Destefanis, J. Baylet, P. Castelein, J.-P. Chamonal, P. Tribolet

Proceedings Volume 6395, 63950H (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.692689

KEYWORDS: Diodes, Sensors, Avalanche photodetectors, Medium wave, Staring arrays, Mercury cadmium telluride, Signal to noise ratio, Interference (communication), Readout integrated circuits, Long wavelength infrared

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 17 May 2006 Paper

Bi-color and dual-band HgCdTe infrared focal plane arrays at DEFIR

G. Destefanis, P. Ballet, J. Baylet, P. Castelein, O. Gravrand, J. Rothman, F. Rothan, G. Perrais, J.P. Chamonal, A. Million, P. Tribolet, B. Terrier, E. Sanson, P. Costa, L. Vial

Proceedings Volume 6206, 62060R (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.669108

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Mid-IR, Diodes, Sensors, Long wavelength infrared, Mercury cadmium telluride, Indium, Etching, Photodiodes, Infrared radiation

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 15 October 2005 Paper

High-resolution FPAs on MBE-grown HgCdTe/CdTe/Ge

G. Badano, P. Ballet, J. P. Zanatta, A. Millon, C. Largeron, J. Baylet, J. Rothman, O. Gravrand, P. Castelein, J. P. Chamonal, G. Destefanis, S. Mibord, P. Costa

Proceedings Volume 5964, 596406 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.637514

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Sensors, Staring arrays, Dielectrics, Semiconducting wafers, Surface roughness, Germanium, Oxides, Molecular beam epitaxy, Tellurium

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 7 March 2005 Paper

Microcavity light emitters and microbolometer detectors for gas monitoring in the 2-5 µm range

Eric Mottin, Philippe Ballet, Francois Levy, L. Mathieu, Jean Louis Ouvrier-Buffet, J. Rothman, Jean Jacques Yon, Emmanuel Hadji, Emmanuel Picard

Proceedings Volume 5739, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.588584

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Absorption, Mirrors, Optical microcavities, Carbon monoxide, Infrared radiation, Infrared sensors, Heterojunctions, Semiconductor lasers, Microbolometers

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 16 February 2005 Paper

Resonant microcavity light emitters for onboard exhaust emissions IR sensor

Francois Levy, Emmanuel Picard, Johan Rothmann, Eric Mottin, Emmanuel Hadji, Joel Duhr

Proceedings Volume 5663, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.597602

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Absorption, Carbon monoxide, Optical microcavities, Mirrors, Semiconductor lasers, Prototyping, Infrared sensors, Heterojunctions, Infrared radiation

Read Abstract +

Showing 5 of 58 publications

View contact details

UPDATE YOUR PROFILE

Is this your profile? Update it now.

Sign into your SPIE.org account

Don’t have a profile and want one?

Create an account on SPIE.org

Keywords/Phrases

Search In:

Publication Years