With the development of SWIR sources and sensors for LIDAR and telecom applications, diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS) in the SWIR range (900-1600 nm) appears as a promising method for non-invasive measurement of glucose concentration in biological tissue. In particular, spatially resolved DRS (SRDRS) should address the main issue of such measurements, namely the layered nature of biological media. The following paper studies the feasibility of a SRDRS probe in the SWIR range for glucose measurement.
The lasers used for the telecom industry associated with the focal plane embedded in LIDAR for automotive could pave the way to robust yet low cost Spatially Resolved Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy in the SWIR range.
In the field of uncooled Long Wave Infra Red (LWIR) imaging, CMOS compatible bolometers technology is being more and more popular, exhibiting precise temperature measurement at moderate cost. The price of this technology is proportional to the number of components produced per wafer, leading to a shrinkage of the pixel. Enhancing the resolution level of the focal plane array (FPA) requires an improvement of the point spread function (PSF) of the optical system, leading to more and more complex aspheric lenses, and an increased cost of imaging systems. We propose to add a sub-wavelength blade to the existing parts of the imaging system to ease the overall improvement of the image quality in applications with a constraint budget. The main function of such a subwavelength blade should be to control the phase of the light into an optical system to compensate optical aberrations. A cost effective solution consists to make such devices using microelectronics based collective fabrication process. The main difficulty is to predict the subwavelength blade behavior within an optical system that is to say combining millimeter sized optical components that are modeled using ray-tracing or electromagnetic simulations. In this paper we present the results obtained from an effort to simulate, fabricate and characterize all-dielectric subwavelength blade. In an imaging system, our devices will have to deal with non-flat wavefronts. Our method is based on Fourier Modal Method and Angular Spectrum Method to simulate subwavelength optics into such an optical system. Finally, we have compared our simulations results to experiments on basic examples, like spherical aberration correction of a commercial lens.
HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes offers a new horizon for observing spatial or temporal signals containing only a few infrared (IR) photons, enabling new science, telecommunication and defence applications. The use of such detectors for free space optical communications is particularly interesting for both deep space and high data rate links as it enables wide field of view free space optical coupling to the detector at high sensitivity, down to single photon level and with a close to negligible loss of the information contained in the strongly attenuated photon flux. Measurement of the response time and dark current shows that such devices can be operated at room temperature with bandwidths up to 10 GHz in a back-side illuminated configuration. This configuration allows to use micro-lenses fabricated directly into the APD substrate and enables to use a large photosensitive area while maintaining a high bandwidth, low dark current and /or high operating temperature. We report on the expected performance 4-quadrant APD detector demonstrator with single photon sensitivity, which is currently developed to be used in deep space telecommunications by ESA and present the potential use for high data rates links of 10 Gbits/s.
The SPADnet FP7 European project is aimed at a new generation of fully digital, scalable and networked photonic components to enable large area image sensors, with primary target gamma-ray and coincidence detection in (Time-of- Flight) Positron Emission Tomography (PET). SPADnet relies on standard CMOS technology, therefore allowing for MRI compatibility. SPADnet innovates in several areas of PET systems, from optical coupling to single-photon sensor architectures, from intelligent ring networks to reconstruction algorithms. It is built around a natively digital, intelligent SPAD (Single-Photon Avalanche Diode)-based sensor device which comprises an array of 8×16 pixels, each composed of 4 mini-SiPMs with in situ time-to-digital conversion, a multi-ring network to filter, carry, and process data produced by the sensors at 2Gbps, and a 130nm CMOS process enabling mass-production of photonic modules that are optically interfaced to scintillator crystals. A few tens of sensor devices are tightly abutted on a single PCB to form a so-called sensor tile, thanks to TSV (Through Silicon Via) connections to their backside (replacing conventional wire bonding). The sensor tile is in turn interfaced to an FPGA-based PCB on its back. The resulting photonic module acts as an autonomous sensing and computing unit, individually detecting gamma photons as well as thermal and Compton events. It determines in real time basic information for each scintillation event, such as exact time of arrival, position and energy, and communicates it to its peers in the field of view. Coincidence detection does therefore occur directly in the ring itself, in a differed and distributed manner to ensure scalability. The selected true coincidence events are then collected by a snooper module, from which they are transferred to an external reconstruction computer using Gigabit Ethernet.
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