The Icarus camera system, combining a sensor developed by Sandia and readout electronics by LLNL, provides 0.5 Hz bursts of four frames with 3 ns separation. The sensor has 1024×512 25 μm pixels and is 25 μm thick. The system was developed for single line-of-sight measurements at the ns time scale for electrons and X-rays at facilities such as NIF. We report on initial tests of the Icarus system with hard X-rays pulse pairs with nanosecond time spacings at the LCLS, a newly available beam mode. We describe noise, gate profiles, gain, cross-talk, persistence, linearity, and quantum efficiency for the first version of the sensor. We present evidence of the suitability of the system for science measurements at a free electron laser with an X-ray pump X-ray probe experiment. We expect further developments of the technology to allow use of 350 ps bunch separation from the LCLS accelerator and, with a pulsed delay tube like DIXIE, to eventually reach sub-25 ps time-resolved X-ray imaging of processes such as plasma evolution.
We report experimental demonstration of capturing single-shot X-ray Free-electron Laser (FEL) beam profiles using gas fluorescence. The measurement was carried out at the Linac Coherent Light Source using 7 keV hard X-rays propagating through ambient air. The nitrogen fluorescence emitted upon the passage of the X-ray FEL beam were imaged using a highly sensitive optical setup, and there was sufficient optical yield that single-shot measurements were feasible. By taking two orthogonal and simultaneous images, the beam trajectory could be determined in a nearly non-invasive manner, and is best suited for photon energies in the soft X-ray regime, where such a diagnostic capability has been largely unavailable previously. The integrated intensity of the images could also serve as a non-invasive intensity monitor, complementary to current implementations of gas- and solidbased monitors. High repetition-rate Free-electron Lasers can greatly benefit from such a new diagnostic tool for eliminating potential thermal damages.
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