The conventional approaches to sub-terahertz metamaterial (MM) fabrication, which rely heavily on lithography and etching techniques, pose significant challenges in terms of costs, material consumption, and the complexity of the processes. To address these issues, there is an urgent need for enhancing efficiency and environmental sustainability in MM production. Thus, we explore a rapid customization approach utilizing ink-jet printing technology (IJPT) to achieve additive manufacturing of MMs for signal selectivity in 6G communication. The proposed MMs comprise two primary units: one double-split ring (DSR) hollowed MM (MM-1) is designed to realize band-pass filtering, while the other dumbbell-shaped MM (MM-2) has a band-stop filtering response. By adaptively adjusting the nozzle voltage between 14 and 22 V, we ensure a consistent line width of approximately 200 μm, enabling an effective frequency selection characteristic within the sub-terahertz band. Through altering the scale factor of MM-1, we achieve a frequency tuning from 61.00 to 72.75 GHz, with an optimal Q value of 27.71. Similarly, the periodic size of MM-2 results in a frequency shift from 76.58 to 91.10 GHz, with a maximum Q value of 11.26. Measured and simulated results for the MMs are in close agreement. The experimental results validate the feasibility of IJPT as an effective method for processing sub-terahertz MMs, emphasizing the great potential for optimizing6Gcommunication systems and signal filtering applications.
D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate (Rf·5H2O, C18H32O16·5H2O), a three-dimensional network hydrate composed of five water molecules connected by hydrogen bonds, is widely used in the proliferation of bifidobacterium, inhibition of germ cell cancer, and regulation of intestinal flora. Its bioavailability and stability are closely related to its hydration status. Nevertheless, the storage temperature is crucial to accurately monitor its hydration status. The inherent limitations of traditional characterization methods, such as X-ray diffractometers, Raman spectroscopy, etc., pose major challenges for their further development in practical applications with high stability, accuracy, and non-invasions. Consequently, this study utilized terahertz absorption spectroscopy to monitor the vibration of hydrogen bonds in Rf·5H2O at drying temperatures of 50℃ and 100℃, aiming to achieve hydration state monitoring of the hydrate. To further improve the detection sensitivity, we designed a metamaterial sensor with a sensitivity of 338.75 GHz/RIU to achieve a detection and identification of the hydration state of Rf·5H2O with high sensitivity, providing a new perspective for monitoring the temperature-dependent hydration state of hydrates.
This work systematically investigates the impact of nitric acid leaching treatment with various concentrations (1-6 mol/L) on the chemical composition and structural characteristics of coal samples by utilizing Elemental Analysis (EA), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The results indicate a marked reduction in the content of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and sulfur (S) as the concentration of nitric acid increased, while the proportion of nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) exhibited a significant rise. FTIR analysis further demonstrated a notable increase in oxygen-containing functional groups, particularly the carboxyl group (-COOH), alongside the emergence of a new functional group, nitro (-NO2). Additionally, the terahertz absorption displayed a linear growth trend that correlates closely with the increase of the nitric acid concentration, highlighting the sensitivity of the terahertz technique to alterations in elemental composition and chemical structure within the coal samples. Overall, this study elucidates the specific impacts of nitric acid leaching on the chemical composition and structure of coal samples, offering scientific insights and technical support for the advanced processing and utilization of coal resources, as well as for quality control and environmental protection.
In terahertz (THz) range, ultra-long non-diffraction Bessel beams have been theoretically and experimentally developed and consequently achieved significant advancements. Nevertheless, the balance between non-diffraction length and optical intensity is restricted and their applications have been limited in part due to their complication in access and operation, loss of energy and spectral bandwidth. In this work, a composite system composed of multiple lenses and axicon is presented to engender ultra-long terahertz Bessel beams. By manipulating the spatial relationships between various THz components, the delivery distance and non-diffraction length surpass 40cm and 2m respectively.
In this study, a classification model for THz spectral data of coffee is constructed using an integrated learning approach, an AELM optimization model is proposed, the ELM is improved using the AO population optimization algorithm, the connection weights of the input and implicit layers of the ELM and the threshold of the implicit layer are searched for, the AELM is used as a weak classifier of FSAMME for integrated learning, the weights of the FSAMME algorithm are improved The update method is used to increase the weight of misclassified sample data and reduce the weight of weak classifiers with high classification error rate in the final classifier by dynamically weighting them during the iteration process according to the classification accuracy, and finally normalize all weak classifier weights to integrate the strong classifier AE-dynamic FS integrated learning model. The accuracy of AO-ELM-dynamic FSAMME model on the test set sample data set of five coffee origins is 99%, the classification accuracy of coffee samples from China, Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia and Honduras is 100%, 100%, 100%, 94.4% and 100% respectively, and the number of samples misclassified is 1 sample from Ethiopia,realizing excellent classification performance.
In this paper, the coating thickness of thermal barrier coating (TBC) on gas turbine blades is measured by terahertz time domain spectroscopy system. At present, the most mature and widely used ceramic layer (TC) material is yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ). In order to measure the coating thickness on TBC surface by terahertz spectrum, it is necessary to determine the optical properties (refractive index and absorption coefficient) of coating material YSZ in terahertz band. The refractive indexes of YSZ samples in terahertz band under different preparation conditions were obtained by transmission THz-TDS. The refractive indexes of these samples were different under the influence of different process parameters and spraying conditions. Then the time domain signal of TBC sample is obtained by reflective THz-TDS, and the coating thickness is obtained according to the time delay of terahertz wave transmission in the sample. When THz wave propagates at different depths of the sample, the dispersion is different, resulting in waveform broadening. We qualitatively analyze the influence of waveform broadening on thickness measurement. The results show that, within the error range, the coating thickness obtained from the time delay between the negative peak of surface reflection signal and the negative peak of interface reflection signal is in good agreement with the thickness measurement results of metallographic method. The optical properties of YSZ material and the thickness of thermal barrier coating are nondestructive tested in THz band.
Analogous to microsphere optical nanoscope, an easy and low-price method of THz imaging is proposed and developed for improving the spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit. By attaching a 2-4 mm diameter Teflon sphere, a narrow, high-intensity, subdiffraction-waist THz beam with a strong jet-like distribution propagates into the background medium from the sphere’s shadow-side surface and a subwavelength spatial resolution better than λ/3 is demonstrated. Furthermore, the dielectric sphere-coupled THz microscope not only enables far-field, large-area measurement but also characterizes high-throughput and broad-band imaging properties. In addition, the size effect on terajet of dielectric sphere was simulated and shows that its magnification capability and focal length are size-dependent and frequencysensitive.
In this work, we demonstrate a high-selectivity terahertz (THz) band-stop filter with a wide range of center wavelengths (CWLs) from 150 to 600 μm (2.0 THz to 0.5 THz). The dip transmission is lower than 10 % at the center CWLs, even to 5 % at 1.9 THz. The band-stop terahertz filter is based on periodic metallic Cross Cell (CC) structures deposited on the top of a 50 μm thick polyimide film (Kapton) with low absorption and good mechanical properties, resulting in a large-area, freestanding and flexible membrane with a low intrinsic loss. The excellent tunable terahertz band-stop filter properties are investigated using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The measured and simulated results are coming to an excellent agreement. The THz band-stop filter possesses not only a light weight and polarization insensitivity but also a simple structure and high integration.
By using of high-resolution Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, we show that both the fundamental and higher-order
Mie resonances can be excited in both magnetic and electric modes with in the one-dimensional dielectric grating.
Furthermore, their highly sensitive capability dependent on the frequency red-shift, line broadening, and transmission
decreasing were investigated with increasing refractive index and absorption strength of the surrounding media.
In order to provide a guide for the design and optimization of bowtie-shaped antenna arrays, their plasmonic properties have been experimentally and numerically investigated with emphasis on geometry and gap separation in THz frequencies. A stronger absorption, frequent red-shift and a higher Q-factor were observed in bowtie dimers, instead of the monomers. Based on the finite-element (FE) simulations using CST Microwave Studio, it was found that these resonant properties of the periodic bowtie particles can be further modulated by their geometric factors, including aspect ratio, area porosity as well as gap separation.
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy was used to measure the optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in the
composite samples. The complex conductivity of pure ZnO NPs was extracted by applying Bruggeman effective medium
theory. We find that the real part of the complex conductivities increase with the increasing diameter of the ZnO NPs and
are governed by a restricted mean free path for NPs. The results demonstrate that carriers become localized with a
backscattering behavior in nano-structured ZnO.
The low-frequency optical properties of CuS nanoparticles in the composite samples were
measured by the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Then, the power absorption, refractive index,
complex dielectric function and conductivity of pure CuS nanoparticles are extracted by applying
Bruggeman effective medium theory. The measured dielectric function and conductivity are consistent with
the Lorentz theory of dielectric response as well as the Drude-smith model of conductivity in the frequency
range from 0.2 to 1.5 THz, respectively. In addition, the extrapolation of the measured data indicates that
the absorption is dominated by the lattice vibration localized at 4.7 ± 0.2 THz and the time constant for the
carrier scattering is only 64.3 fs due to increased electron interaction with interfaces and grain boundaries.
A simple wet-chemical route has been employed to synthesize β-ZnS nanoparticles with diameter of ca.15-20 nm. The
far-infrared characteristics of β-ZnS nanoparticles are investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS)
over the frequency range from 0.3 to 2.5 THz. The observed results show two obvious absorption features at 1.44 and
1.72 THz, which give rise to different vibration modes compared to the bulk ZnS. The theoretical calculation has been
carried out for better understanding the vibration behaviors by using of density functional theory (DFT) with
GAUSSIAN 03 software package. The simulated absorption spectrum was consistent with the experimental data. The
results reveal that the two absorption features are mainly ascribed to different vibration modes caused by the surface
atoms.
A novel transmitted terahertz-emission microscopy (TTEM) is proposed and developed for improving the spatial
resolution of THz imaging. An epitaxial GaAs film grown on the GaP substrate was used as THz emitter; the transmitted
THz signal was collected and detected by a ZnTe electric-optical crystal. Because the thick of GaAs layer is merely 1 μm,
the THz wave source has the same size of the excited point. While attaching a sample directly onto the emitter, the
spatial resolution is decided by the diameter of focused pump beam, which can be achieved a few micrometers and
tunable. In addition, it can avoid the loss of the spectral components. By means of the near-field detection, the intensity,
spatial resolution and bandwidth of THz signal in this system can be enhanced further. The configuration and
characteristics of this microscopy are described in detail.
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