The fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique for optical fiber-based temperature sensing is discussed in many
previous papers. But in the high temperature sensing the FIR technique has been researched a little. In this paper, the
temperature dependence of fluorescence in erbium-doped fiber between ~700 and ~1300 °C; is discussed and
experimentally demonstrated. 1450nm and 1530nm wavelengths are chosen to calculate the FIR, and the temperature
coefficient could achieve ~ 0.003dB/°C.
The temperature dependence of fluorescence in erbium-doped silica fiber between ~-30 and ~150°C is discussed.
980nm pumping configuration is used in our experiment. 1450nm and 1531nm wavelengths are chosen to calculate the
FIR (fluorescence intensity ratio) at the first time instead of the mostly used wavelengths 525nm and 550nm. It shows
that as the temperature increases, the fluorescence intensity increases obviously at short wavelengths but changes a little
at long wavelengths. The temperature coefficient can achieve ~0.023dB/°C, and its resolution is improved as the
temperature decreases. Because there are many effects in our experiments, so it shows a deviation from the behavior of
simulation.
A high concentration silica host Erbium Doped Fiber with Bismuth-Gallium-Aluminum co-doped was fabricated. The
absorption coefficient of this fiber was up to 19dB/m at the wavelength of 980nm and 42dB/m at 1530nm. Ring structure
lasers with different fiber lengths were presented. Their output characteristics were measured and analyzed.
The bias drift effect in the packaged LiNbO3 modulator is investigated. The Bessel expansion of the dithered clock
shows that the harmonic component equal to the dither frequency can be synchronously demodulated to get the bias drift
and avoid the random phase difference between the clock or data and the dither signal. By using the time division control
method one control system can track two modulator bias drift in 40Gb/s RZ optical transmission system because the
optimum bias point changes very slowly.
A novel design of M-Profile Ytterbium doped Fibers (YDFs) for high power fiber Lasers was given. The output power
was two times higher than that in standard double-cladding fiber under the same threshold of damage.
This paper proposes a single source SBS slow light scheme. This approach splits the incoming pulse train into two beams. One of the beam is used as the "probe"; the other beam is modulated at a frequency which is close to or identical to the half Brillouin shift, and can be used as multiple "pump". The quantitative model shown that the delay and slow light bandwidth can be controlled by the modulation amplitude and the maximum bandwidth is approximately two times of Brillouin shift by choosing an optimum value of the modulation amplitude.
A new near-elliptic cladding Polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fibre (PM-PCF) with four different hole diameters was proposed. Since the refractive index decreases gradually from x-axis to y-axis, less polarization coupling and high extinction ratio were obtained compared to the conventional PM-PCFs. Secondly, every hole diameter of near-elliptic cladding was optimized to get good performance, considering proper mode field diameter of x-axis and y-axis for better coupling to SLD and smaller confinement loss of the new PCF, high birefringence and high extinction ratio, especially the effects of disturbance on extinction ratio stability. According to series of comparison on different hole diameters and correlation between different holes, the optimum parameters of this new PCF of Λ=2.2μm, d1=2μm, d2=1.1μm, d3=1.7μm and d4=1.2μm were derived. The optimized near-elliptic cladding PCF can obtain both high extinction ratio (>29dB) and good extinction ratio stability (<2dB with ±10% transverse disturbance of d3) which is useful for practical use.
Four types of YDFs with different Al3+ concentration and mole content of GeO2 were manufactured and the refractive
index and absorption spectra of these fibers were explored. With the comparison of four YDFs and detailed analyze, it
was found that higher Al3+ concentration leads to more GeO2 volatilization, which results in the refractive index decrease.
Therefore, mole content of GeO2 should be increased when co-doping Al3+ in YDF to maintain numerical aperture.
Meanwhile, the temperature of making porous layer should be controlled exactly to obtain good repetition of Al3+-
codoped YDF as the little change of temperature has little effect on mole content of GeO2 and SiO2 but has great effect
on compactness of porous layer. By drawing the fiber and testing the related parameters, the results show that the
optimum temperature range for making soot layer should between 1440°C and 1480°C where the absorption coefficients
were as high as 620dB/m with better repeatability. Finally, the ratio of GeO2 to SiO2 should be controlled to obtain long
fluorescence lifetime for fabricating highly ytterbium-doped fiber with required numerical aperture.
Erbium-doped photonic crystal fiber (EDPCF) is not in the endless single-mode as the refractive index of the core in EDPCF is higher than that of silica cladding. There is a variation between the EDPCF and the conventional PCF. The modified average population inversion iteration method is proposed for simulating the gains and noises of EDPCF amplifiers. The effect of the structural parameters of EDPCF on the cutoff wavelengths, splice loss and the amplification properties is studied in detail by means of the improved average population iterative method combined with the finite element method. According to the design criteria of erbium-doped fiber, the four structural parameters of EDPCF-core radius, the refractive index difference between the core and silica cladding, the relative size of the core and the relative size of air holes are optimized.
The design criteria of the Panda-type erbium-doped polarization-maintaining fiber (EDPMF) are presented, which take into account the cutoff wavelength, mode field diameter, modal birefringence and background loss. The structural parameters are optimized in terms of the design criteria. A Panda-type EDPMF has been manufactured. The fabrication process and the parameter control of the Panda-type EDPMF are in detail described. Its refractive index profile, birefringence and absorption spectra are experimentally investigated.
Hole-assisted lightguide fiber (HALF) is a microstructured fiber composed of a high index core, a low index cladding and a small number of air holes surrounding the core. The characteristics of HALF are studied by using the full-vector finite element method. The contour lines of power flow intensity and transverse electric distributions are plotted for the fundamental mode and the first four higher order modes. The effect of the structural parameters, such as hole-to-core spacing and relative size of air holes to the cutoff wavelengths of fundamental mode and higher order mode, core power confinement factor, and mode field diameter is analyzed. Due to these holes, there are variations between HALF and conventional step-index fiber. It's found that when the distance between the air holes and core is shorter or the relative size of air holes becomes larger, the effect of air hole on the HALF turns greater: core power confinement factor becomes larger; mode diameter becomes smaller; the cutoff wavelengths of fundamental mode and higher order mode move to shorter wavelength. In terms of waveguide design, the structural parameters of erbium-doped HALF are optimized to obtain high-efficiency operation of a fiber laser or amplifier.
The necessity of packaging and the basic principle of temperature compensation package for fiber gratings are expatiated. A method of packaging fiber gratings with the negative temperature coefficient material is introduced, and the temperature characteristic and long-term stability of packaged fiber gratings are measured. This packaging keeps the compact structure and doesn't influence the intrinsic characteristic of fiber gratings. In addition, its temperature coefficient is reduced to 0.0005nm/°C, and this result reaches applicable request. The more important is this packaging can keep good long-term stability. After half a year, the characteristic, reflecting wavelength and temperature coefficient of the packaged fiber gratings have little changed, and this result realizes the high stability packaging for fiber gratings.
Based on the theory of Jones Matrix, a model for the analysis of non-PM fiber ring lasers polarization
characteristics was developed. The model was further tested by experiments. From the numerically and
experimentally analysis results, it was found that lasers composed by non-PM fiber can achieve stable output but
its polarization varied with external perturbation. If a polarizer was inserted into the laser cavity, though the
polarization state was more stable, the instability of output was even more serious. So special polarization control
must be performed to obtain single polarization laser output using non-PM fiber.
Dispersion-compensating chirped fiber gratings provide a compact low-loss means of compensating fiber dispersion.
They are potential candidates for per-channel tunable dispersion compensation devices [2]. Group delay ripple (GDR) is
the principle reason restraining the practical implementation of chirped fiber Bragg gratings and many papers indicate
how the GDR impairs the systems performance [1, 3, 4]. S.Jamal has indicated that the period of the group delay ripple
has much important influence on the systems performance [1]. But the ripple period of the chirped fiber grating was not
consistent along side the grating, and Michael Sumetsky has explained the cutoff phenomenon of the high frequency in
[2]. Because the period of the chirped fiber grating changed with the wavelength and the components of different
frequency overlapped with each other, the time-frequency analysis was needed to descript the time-frequency distribution
of the GDR of the grating. [5]
Delay ripples of chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs), which a CFBG can compensate 200 km long optic fiber's dispersion, have been analyzed in detail. A numerical simulation of cascaded grating delay ripples has been done by Schroedinger equation and compared with experiment of 1,000 km transmission over G652 fiber by 5 groups of CFBGs dispersion compensation. The research shows that the system degradation depends on the delay ripple period, which is 0.01~0.1nm through a lot of experiments, and amplitude of delay ripple. We had experimentally studied fluctate of power penalty depend on ripple perod of CFBGs when source wavelength changed +/-20GHz around CFBGs center wavelength, the results of theory agree well with these of experiment.
For the first time, we study the transmission performance of 10Gbps PRBS data stream over ultra-high polarization mode dispersion (PMD) dispersion compensating fiber (DCF), which PMD coefficient is 237.95ps/km1/2. The simulation has been done by coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations. Also transmitted experiment has been done by DCF with a PMD coefficient of 237.95ps/km1/2. The result of the simulation is consistent with that of the experiment.
Twin core erbium-doped fiber is fabricated using a combination of MCVD, solution doping and post processing technique. This paper mainly study the birefringence of twin-core Erbium doped fiber including geometrical and stress birefringence. First we analysis the mode distribution of twin core fiber and geometrical birefringence by supercell lattice orthogonal function method using the structure parameters measured. Then the geometrical birefringence also calculated from the couple theory. The calculated result showed that two elliptical cores would have higher geometrical birefringence than two circular cores. Generally the Er-doped fiber is high Germanium doped to keep high Numerical Aperture (NA), which cause high thermal expansion coefficient difference between the core and the cladding, and the stress birefringence is anisotropic. According the distribution of stress field, we calculated the stress birefringence in the area of assembling of light power, which approximate to 10-4. The investigation proved that twin core Erbium doped
fiber has high birefringence and good polarization maintaining characteristics.
In this paper, we focus on the improvement of accuracy of phase-shift methods to measure the fiber dispersion. By the analysis of experiment results and possible error sources, the more suitable measurement conditions are provided to decrease the measurement error to a great extent. Except keeping a constant temperature and isolating the device from mechanical vibrations when measurement is carried out, as large as 1nm measurement wavelength step and large wavelength span at several tens nm level are preferred to obtain more
accurate and repeatable measurement.
With a new apodisation method and special package material, we have made high-quality chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs) with the fluctuating error of reflectivity less than 1dB, the delay ripple less than +/-15ps and the temperature coefficient being as low as 0.5‰onm/°C. Using such self-made high-quality CFBGs, we present, for the first time, the experiment results of dispersion compensation of 2x10Gb/s 1000km WDM system with less than 1 dB power penalty for each channel.
It is first time to study on Gauss pulse transmission over ultra-high PMD fiber. Gauss pulse is broken into a series of deformed pulse when it transmits over ultra-high PMD fiber. He has explained that the walk-off deformed pulses cause by ultra-high PMD. Transmitted experiment has been done using fiber with PMD coefficient 237.95ps/km1/2. The simulated result is consistent with experiment.
We have shown the polarization mode dispersion (PMID) of chirped fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) written on different photosensitive optical fibers. PMD of FBGs on special photosensitive fibers and hydrogenated single mode fiber (SMF) was studied and compared. Experiment results showed that the chirped FBG written on hydrogenated SMF has very low differential group delay (DGD), and it adapt in long-haul optically amplified lightwave systems. The PMD of chirped FBG is determined by the birefringence of the fiber and the dispersion of the chirped FBGs. The birefringence of FBG involved intrinsic and extrinsic or photo-induced birefringence. At the end of this paper, we presented the PMID of the dispersion compensation system using CFBG as dispersion compensator.
We used UV laser to write Bragg gratings on the polarization maintaining fiber (PMF). Because of the high-birefringence of the fiber, the Bragg wavelength of the grating on the two polarization axes was different. So that it could introduce great polarization mode dispersion (PMD). When the input was adapted to the axis of the grating, it can serve as the polarization compensation. We measured the polarization of the grating at the end of the article.
32 chirped FBGs (fiber Bragg gratings)-based dispersion compensators and EDFA (Er-Doped Fiber Amplifier) gain-equalizators is demonstrated. Dispersion compensation of 600km G652 fiber and limiting amplification of 16 wavelength signals with low power penalty of<2dB can be obtained at a 10GHz/s optical communication system.
Eight-wavelength Er-doped fiber lasers with lasing wavelength separations approximately 1.6 nm and approximately 0.8 nm, respectively, have been achieved by using a Cascaded fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) in the fiber lasers and cooling the Er-doped fiber with liquid nitrogen. Our experiment shows that, utilizing the CFBG to select the lasing wavelengths, it is convenient to achieve fiber lasers with lasing wavelengths and lasing wavelength separations matching the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) channel allocation grid well.
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