Heterogeneity image-derived features of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors from multimodal MRI sequences may provide higher prognostic value than standard parameters used in routine clinical practice. We previously developed a framework for automatic extraction and combination of image-derived features (also called “Radiomics”) through support vector machines (SVM) for predictive model building. The results we obtained in a cohort of 40 GBM suggested these features could be used to identify patients with poorer outcome. However, extraction of these features is a delicate multi-step process and their values may therefore depend on the pre-processing of images. The original developed workflow included skull removal, bias homogeneity correction, and multimodal tumor segmentation, followed by textural features computation, and lastly ranking, selection and combination through a SVM-based classifier. The goal of the present work was to specifically investigate the potential benefit and respective impact of the addition of several MRI pre-processing steps (spatial resampling for isotropic voxels, intensities quantization and normalization) before textural features computation, on the resulting accuracy of the classifier. Eighteen patients datasets were also added for the present work (58 patients in total). A classification accuracy of 83% (sensitivity 79%, specificity 85%) was obtained using the original framework. The addition of the new pre-processing steps increased it to 93% (sensitivity 93%, specificity 93%) in identifying patients with poorer survival (below the median of 12 months). Among the three considered pre-processing steps, spatial resampling was found to have the most important impact. This shows the crucial importance of investigating appropriate image pre-processing steps to be used for methodologies based on textural features extraction in medical imaging.
KEYWORDS: Cameras, Video, Image compression, Computer programming, 3D image processing, Volume rendering, Video compression, Video coding, 3D video compression, 3D video streaming
A 3D video stream is typically obtained from a set of synchronized cameras, which are simultaneously capturing
the same scene (multiview video). This technology enables applications such as free-viewpoint video which
allows the viewer to select his preferred viewpoint, or 3D TV where the depth of the scene can be perceived
using a special display. Because the user-selected view does not always correspond to a camera position, it may
be necessary to synthesize a virtual camera view. To synthesize such a virtual view, we have adopted a depth image-based rendering technique that employs one depth map for each camera. Consequently, a remote rendering
of the 3D video requires a compression technique for texture and depth data. This paper presents a predictivecoding
algorithm for the compression of depth images across multiple views. The presented algorithm provides
(a) an improved coding efficiency for depth images over block-based motion-compensation encoders (H.264), and
(b), a random access to different views for fast rendering. The proposed depth-prediction technique works by
synthesizing/computing the depth of 3D points based on the reference depth image. The attractiveness of the
depth-prediction algorithm is that the prediction of depth data avoids an independent transmission of depth for
each view, while simplifying the view interpolation by synthesizing depth images for arbitrary view points. We
present experimental results for several multiview depth sequences, that result in a quality improvement of up
to 1.8 dB as compared to H.264 compression.
KEYWORDS: Computer programming, Image compression, Image segmentation, Distortion, Volume rendering, Cameras, 3D displays, 3D image processing, 3D modeling, Video coding
Emerging 3-D displays show several views of the scene simultaneously. A direct transmission of a selection of these views is impractical, because various types of displays support a different number of views and the decoder has to interpolate the intermediate views. The transmission of multiview image information can be simplified by only transmitting the texture data for the central view and a corresponding depth map. Additional to the coding of the texture data, this technique requires the efficient coding of depth maps. Since the depth map represents the scene geometry and thereby covers the 3-D perception of the scene, sharp edges corresponding to object boundaries, should be preserved. We propose an algorithm that models depth maps using piecewise-linear functions (platelets). To adapt to varying scene detail, we employ a quadtree decomposition that divides the image into blocks of variable size, each block being approximated by one platelet. In order to preserve sharp object boundaries, the support area of each platelet is adapted to the object boundary. The subdivision of the quadtree and the selection of the platelet type are optimized such that a global rate-distortion trade-off is realized. Experimental results show that the described method can improve the resulting picture quality after compression of depth maps by 1-3 dB when compared to a JPEG-2000 encoder.
An efficient way to transmit multi-view images is to send the texture image together with a corresponding depth image. The depth image specifies the distance between each pixel and the camera. With this information, arbitrary views can be generated at the decoder. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for the coding of depth images that provides an efficient representation of smooth regions as well as geometric features such as object contours. Our algorithm uses a segmentation procedure based on a quadtree decomposition and models the depth image content with piecewise linear functions. We achieved a bit-rate as low as 0.33 bit/pixel, without any entropy coding. The attractivity of the coding algorithm is that, by exploiting specific properties of depth images, no degradations are shown along discontinuities, which is important for perceived depth.
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