A method of specifying changes in the ionospheric critical frequency along a path has been developed to more accurately estimate the effect of longitudinal horizontal electron density gradients along a path on the accuracy of the calculation of ionospheric delay of GNSS signals. The transition has been made from a linear dependence to a dependence representing a second-order curve through quadratic spline interpolation. To exemplify differences between the real form of change in the critical frequency along a path and its linear representation, we assess the effect of these differences on the accuracy of the calculation of ionospheric delay. Specifying the form of horizontal gradients of the critical frequency closest to the real one is shown to be quite important.
Through numerical simulation, we have assessed the effect of longitudinal horizontal electron density gradients along the transionospheric propagation path on ionospheric delay of GNSS signals. We have found that in some cases their consideration may result in a significant refinement of the value of ionospheric delay of GNSS signals, which can be as large as several tens of percent compared to that in the absence of these gradients. We have shown that the method of determining slant TEC through direct signal-path integration in the ionospheric model with due regard for such gradients may somewhat improve the accuracy of positioning performed in single-frequency GNSS measurements.
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