We propose a large aperture static imaging spectrometer (LASIS) based on planar lightwave circuit (PLC) MZI array. The imaging spectrometer works in the push-broom mode with the spectrum performed by interferometry. While the satellite/aircraft is orbiting, the same source, seen from the satellite/aircraft, moves across the aperture and enters different MZIs, while adjacent sources enter adjacent MZIs at the same time. The on-chip spectrometer consists of 256 input mode converters, followed by 256 MZIs with linearly increasing optical path delays and a detector array. Multiple chips are stick together to form the 2D image surface and receive light from the imaging lens. Two MZI arrays are proposed, one works in wavelength ranging from 500nm to 900nm with SiON(refractive index 1.6) waveguides and another ranging from 1100nm to 1700nm with SOI platform. To meet the requirements of imaging spectrometer applications, we choose large cross-section ridge waveguide to achieve polarization insensitive, maintain single mode propagation in broad spectrum and increase production tolerance. The SiON on-chip spectrometer has a spectral resolution of 80cm-1 with a footprint of 17×15mm2 and the SOI based on-chip spectrometer has a resolution of 38cm-1 with a size of 22×19mm2. The spectral and space resolution of the imaging spectrometer can be further improved by simply adding more MZIs. The on-chip waveguide MZI array based Fourier transform imaging spectrometer can provide a highly compact solution for remote sensing on unmanned aerial vehicles or satellites with advantages of small size, light weight, no moving parts and large input aperture.
A novel method for designing a silica waveguide based visible etched diffraction grating (EDG) with uniform loss is proposed. The designed 1st-order EDG comprises 121 output waveguides with a 2.5 nm channel spacing at a wavelength range from 400 nm to 700 nm. Using the conventional flat-field design with two-stigmatic-points method, the simulated channel loss non-uniformity of a conventional EDG is 2.66 dB. By changing the central output waveguide position and rotating the angles of grating facets according to an appropriately designed distribution function, the loss non-uniformity is reduced to 1.36 dB and the highest loss of marginal channels is decreased from 2.69 dB to 2.13 dB simultaneously. With a total chip size of 30 mm×16 mm, this visible EDG is suitable for realization of spectrometer-on-chip. The proposed design method can achieve insertion loss uniformity in a wide wavelength range with no additional element or extra fabrication step.
We demonstrate an echelle diffraction grating (EDG) of 17 input waveguides and 33 output waveguides. For each input waveguide, only 17 of 33 output waveguides are used, receiving light ranging from 1520 nm to 1600 nm wavelength. The channel spacing of the EDG is 5 nm, with loss of -6dB and crosstalk of -17dB for center input waveguide and -15dB for edge input waveguides. Based on the 3 μm SOI platform the device is polarization insensitive. As a simple version of EDG spectrometer it is designed to be a part of the on-chip spectroscopic system of the push-broom scanning imaging spectrometer. The whole on-chip spectrometer consists of an optical on-off switch array, a multi-input EDG and detector array. With the help of on-off switch array the multiple input waveguides of the EDG spectrometer could work in a time division multiplexed fashion. Since the switch can scan very fast (less than 10 microseconds), the imaging spectrometer can be operated in push-broom mode. Due to the CMOS compatibility, the 17_channel EDG scales 2.5×3 mm2. The full version of EDG spectrometer is designed to have 129 input waveguides and 257 output waveguides (129 output channel for each input waveguide), working in wavelength ranging from 1250 nm to 1750 nm, and had similar blazed facet size with the 17_channel one, which means similar fabrication tolerance in grating facets. The waveguide EDG based imaging spectrometer can provide a low-cost solution for remote sensing on unmanned aerial vehicles, with advantages of small size, light weight, vibration-proof, and high scalability.
Optical waveguide biosensors based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) have been extensively investigated owing to its various advantages and many potential applications. In this article, we demonstrate a novel highly sensitive biosensor based on cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and ring resonator with the Vernier effect using wavelength interrogation. The experimental results show that the sensitivity reached 1,960 nm/RIU and 19,100 nm/RIU for sensors based on MZI alone and cascaded MZI-ring with Vernier effect, respectively. A biosensing application was also demonstrated by monitoring the interaction between goat and antigoat immunoglobulin G (IgG) pairs. This integrated high sensitivity biosensor has great potential for medical diagnostic applications.
A highly-sensitive optical waveguide biosensor integrated with microfluidic channels based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) was investigated in this paper. Experimental results of the label-free detection exhibits this novel biosensor with the superior reliability for quantitative and kinetic measurement of the interaction between biological molecules, dramatically improving the sensitivity due to the Vernier effect induced by cascaded double-microring resonators.
In this article we propose a novel Raman spectroscopic sensor which employs silicon nanowire waveguides for excitation and collection of Raman signal, and an integrated micro-ring resonator as a filter. Preliminary experimental results show that the extinction ratio of the filter including the ring resonator together with the grating coupler is more than 60 dB and the total insertion loss from the laser to the detector is less than 10dB. Theoretical calculations indicate that this high stray light rejection of the filter allows the observation of Raman signal at frequency as low as 4 cm-1 . By employing the evanescent field of the silicon waveguide as excitation and collection of Raman signal, along with the integration of the filter and potentially a tunable semiconductor laser and the detector, a miniaturized Raman spectroscopic sensor can be realized on SOI platform
A highly-sensitive and low-cost optical sensor that requires only power measurement is proposed and investigated.
It consists of two cascaded micro-ring resonators with slightly different optical path lengths, used in conjunction
with an LED light source. The transmission spectrum of the sensor has a series of peaks with a sinusoidal-like
envelope function. The variation of the refractive index of the analyte sample results in an amplified shift in the
transmission envelope function, and consequently a change in the transmitted LED power. It is shown that a
refractive index variation in the order of 7.0×10-7 can be detected without any spectral measurement. Preliminary
experimental results using a broadband light source are presented.
According to the incident angle domain, the design of an ultraviolet omnidirectional reflector deposited on substrate of quartz glass is briefly presented. The spectral wavelength region of the design is from 328.95nm to 352.11nm and the relative bandwidth is 6.80% in theory. An experiment has been done to verify the design by using HfO2 and SiO2. The experimental result shows that the band gap corresponds to wavelength band from 331.2nm to 350.4nm and the relative bandwidth is 5.63%.
A method is introduced to fabricate two-dimensional photonic crystal polarization splitter, which is based on the deposition of multiplayer films onto a grating. The plane-wave expansion method and the finite-difference time-domain method are used to calculate the band structure of this two-dimensional photonic crystal formed by a rectangular lattice of rectangular columns. After optimizing the thickness of each layer film, we find a large bandgap of TE. The theoretical relative bandwidth is 33.2%.
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