Surface ablation with nanosecond laser pulses was applied to preservation, cleaning and compositional identification of objects of cultural value. On one hand, treatments of fabrics, coins, bones, and other archeological objects are shown, as well as applications to the preservation of covers, front of books and old manuscripts made in rag paper. Damage fluence thresholds for 17 different XIXth century types of papers, made by processing textiles, were determined. On the other hand, we use the spectroscopic analysis of the plasma generated as a result of laser ablation (LIBS- laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy-) for the determination of the elementary composition of unique pieces in anthropology and archaeology. In particular, we show applications to the identification of trace elements in Hominide teeth, of interest concerning the analysis of eating habits. We also apply LIBS to the determination of the composition of acheological objects belonging to different pre-Columbian cultures.
The measurement of the surface cleanliness is a problem of great importance in many industrial and technological processes. Existing methods are based on laboratory procedures, they are not performed in real time, they cannot be automated, and usually they are restricted to a small portion of the sample. In this work we describe a new method for real time measurement of the amount of dirt deposited on a surface. It relies in the ablation of the dirt film by means of a short laser pulse and the subsequent measurement of the sound emitted. The intensity of the sound results proportional with the amount of dirt and provides a direct measurement of the cleanliness of the surface. The method requires a reference for calibration that was developed based in a uniform distribution of points printed on white paper or a transparent film. The point size and density can be easily modified providing a homogeneous, uniform and reproducible standard for the total amount of dirt measurement. Based on this method, we designed patented (P000101241-Argentina and 6.546.784 EEUU) and developed the first industrial instrument (ELMES) for on-line determination of the cleanliness degree of manufactured cold rolled steel plate bobbins.
A school optical equipment has been designed and developed. It is the result from the cooperative activities of researchers and experts in didactic of the science. The equipment includes a handbook, experimental guides and proposals to be carried in the classroom.
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