The first theory for two novel coherent beam combination architectures that are the first
electronic beam combination architectures that completely eliminate the need for a separate
reference beam are presented. Experimental results demonstrating the coherent addition of a
3 by 3 array of fiber amplifiers with a total phase locked power of 100-W are also described.
A novel high accuracy all electronic technique for phase locking arrays of optical fibers is demonstrated. We report the first demonstration of the only electronic phase locking technique that doesn't require a reference beam. The measured phase error is λ/20. Excellent phase locking has been demonstrated for fiber amplifier arrays.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Space operations, Relays, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Sensors, Control systems, Transmitters, Beam controllers, Acquisition tracking and pointing
Space based bifocal relay mirrors are potentially an enabling/enhancing piece of any architecture making use of long-range laser propagation. Inherent in the bifocal concept is dual line of sight control. This is especially challenging in this space-based application due to spacecraft attitude control issues. This paper presents a summary of the research into acquisition, tracking, pointing (ATP) and control technologies relevant to a bifocal relay mirror system as well as the development of a laboratory experimental test bed to integrate the advanced optics systems onto a Three-axis spacecraft simulator. The relay geometry includes a cooperative source and either a cooperative or non-cooperative target depending on the application. The described test bed is a joint effort with the Air Force Research Laboratory (optics) and the Naval Postgraduate School (spacecraft simulator).
Douglas Nelson, Roger Petrin, Charles Quick, L. John Jolin, Edward MacKerrow, Mark Schmitt, Bernard Foy, Aaron Koskelo, Brian McVey, William Porch, Joseph Tiee, Charles Fite, Frank Archuleta, Michael Whitehead, Donald Walters
The measurement sensitivity of CO2 differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) can be affected by a number of different processes. Two of these processes are atmospheric optical turbulence and reflective speckle. Atmospheric optical turbulence affects the beam distribution of energy and phase on target. The effects of this phenomenon include beam spreading, beam wander and scintillation which can result in increased shot-to-shot signal noise. In addition, reflective speckle alone has been shown to have a major impact on the sensitivity of CO2 DIAL. We have previously developed a Huygens-Fresnel wave optics propagation code to separately simulate the effects of these two processes. However, in real DIAL systems it is a combination of these phenomena, the interaction of atmospheric optical turbulence and reflective speckle, that influences the results. In this work, we briefly review a description of our model including the limitations along with a brief summary of previous simulations of individual effects. The performance of our modified code with respect to experimental measurements affected by atmospheric optical turbulence and reflective speckle is examined. The results of computer simulations are directly compared with lidar measurements and show good agreement. In addition, simulation studies have been performed to demonstrate the utility and limitations of our model. Examples presented include assessing the effects for different array sizes on model limitations and effects of varying propagation step sizes on intensity enhancements and intensity probability distributions in the receiver plane.
Douglas Nelson, Roger Petrin, Edward MacKerrow, Mark Schmitt, Bernard Foy, Aaron Koskelo, Brian McVey, Charles Quick, William Porch, Joseph Tiee, Charles Fite, Frank Archuleta, Michael Whitehead, Donald Walters
The measurement sensitivity of CO2 differential absorption lidar (DIAL) can be affected by a number of different processes. We have previously developed a Huygens- Fresnel wave optics propagation code to simulate the effects of tow of these processes: effects caused by beam propagation through atmospheric optical turbulence and effects caused by reflective speckle. Atmospheric optical turbulence affects the beam distribution of energy and phase on target. These effects include beam spreading, beam wander and scintillation which can result in increased shot-to-shot signal noise. In addition, reflective speckle alone has been shown to have a major impact on the sensitivity of CO2 DiAL. However, in real DiAL systems it is a combination of these phenomena, the interaction of atmospheric optical turbulence and reflective speckle, that influences the results. The performance of our modified code with respect to experimental measurements affected by atmospheric optical turbulence and reflective speckle is examined. The results of computer simulations are directly compared with lidar measurements. The limitations of our model are also discussed. In addition, studies have been performed to determine the importance of key parameters in the simulation. The result of these studies and their impact on the overall results will be presented.
The measurement sensitivity of CO2 differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) can be affected by a number of different processes. We will address the interaction of two of these processes: effects due to beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence and effects due to reflective speckle. Atmospheric turbulence affects the beam distribution of energy and phase on target. These effects include beam spreading, beam wander and scintillation which can result in increased shot-to-shot signal noise. In addition, reflective speckle alone has a major impact on the sensitivity of CO2 DIAL. The interaction of atmospheric turbulence and reflective speckle is of great importance in the performance of a DIAL system. A Huygens-Fresnel wave optics propagation code has previously been developed at the Naval Postgraduate School that models the effects of atmospheric turbulence as propagation through a series of phase screens with appropriate atmospheric statistical characteristics. This code has been modified to include the effects of reflective speckle. The performance of this modified code with respect to the combined effects of atmospheric turbulence and reflective speckle is examined. Results are compared with a combination of experimental data and analytical models.
Charles Quick, Charles Fite, Bernard Foy, L. John Jolin, Aaron Koskelo, Bryan Laubscher, Edward MacKerrow, Brian McVey, Donald Mietz, Douglas Nelson, Robert Nemzek, Roger Petrin, John Quagliano, Patrick Schafstall, Robert Sander, Joseph Tiee, Michael Whitehead
Issues related to the development of direct detection, long- range CO2 DIAL systems for chemical detection and identification are presented and discussed including: data handling and display techniques for large, multi-(lambda) data sets, turbulence effects, slant path propagation, and speckle averaging. Data examples from various field campaigns and CO2 lidar platforms are used to illustrate the issues.
We compare the efficiency of a classifier based on probabilistic neural networks and the general least squares method. Both methods must accommodate noise due to uncertainty in the measured spectrum. The evaluation of both methods is based on a simulated transmittance spectrum, in which the received signal is supplemented by an additive admixture of noise. To obtain a realistic description of the noise mode, we generate several hundred laser pulses for each wavelength under consideration. These pulses have a predetermined correlation matrix for different wavelengths; furthermore, they are composed of three components accounting for the randomness of the observed spectrum. The first component is the correlated 1/f noise; the second component is due to uncorrelated 1/f noise; the third one is the uncorrelated white noise. The probabilistic neural network fails to retrieve the species concentration correctly for large noise levels; on the other hand, its predictions being confined to a fixed number of concentration bins, the network produces relatively small variances. To a large extent, the general least square method avoids the false alarms. It reproduces the average concentrations correctly; however, the concentration variances can be large.
The ambient atmosphere between the laser transmitter and the target can affect CO2 differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurement sensitivity through a number of different processes. In this work, we will address two of the sources of atmospheric interference with CO2 DIAL measurements: effects due to beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence and extinction due to absorption by atmospheric gases. Measurements of atmospheric extinction under different atmospheric conditions are presented and compared to a standard atmospheric transmission model (FASCODE). We have also investigated the effects of atmospheric turbulence on system performance. Measurements of the effective beam size after propagation are compared to model predictions using simultaneous measurements of atmospheric turbulence as input to the model. These results are also discussed in the context of the overall effect of beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence on the sensitivity of DIAL measurements.
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