The conceptual design of an electrostatically- actuated liquid mirror is presented. This design uses mercury as a mirror material because it is liquid at room temperature, exhibits high optical reflectivity and is amenable to electrostatic actuation. We assess the feasibility of controlling the mercury surface through electrostatic control. Finite element analysis is used to simulate the surface profile of the liquid mercury subjected to an electrical bias. Because our design employs segmented partitions that we refer to as Mercury Reflecting Surfaces (MRS), we compare the model predictions to experimental measurements of a prototype MRS element. Our findings lay the groundwork for simulating MRS elements for electrostatic actuation which are relevant to realizing fabrication of liquid mirrors with meter-scale dimensions.
Astronomy and Space Domain Awareness are limited by the size of available telescope optics, the cost for which scales steeply due to the exquisitely ground and polished primary mirrors, typically made of glass or other light-weight substrates. Liquid mirrors (LMs) may break this unfavorable cost scaling. When rotated at a constant angular velocity, it has been shown that fluid surfaces take the form of a paraboloid, which can function as a primary mirror. However, current LMs cannot slew or tilt off-zenith due to gravity, greatly limiting the viewing area in the sky. To overcome these limitations while also enabling low-cost, very-large-aperture telescopes, DARPA launched the Zenith program. Zenith is developing entirely new LM design-for-build approaches that can create large optical surfaces and maintain optical quality during tilt and slew by correcting transient liquid surface aberrations in real time. The development of these new designs is being supported by multi-physics models, materials, surface and field controls, and structures. This paper discusses key and fundamental aspects of four new design and modeling approaches for this new class of LMs. The software and simulation tools developed by the Zenith program to design tiltable and size-scalable liquid mirrors are also available to the astronomical community as an open-source repository.
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