Dynamically stable resonators have a stationary TEM00 beam waist inside the laser rod (w30), which is minimal throughout the stability interval and insensitive to changes in pump power. For a given set of resonator parameters (mirror radii and distances between mirrors and rods), the stability interval parameters, which are the limits of the stability interval in terms of the rod’s thermally induced focusing length are determined. In linear resonators, these stability interval parameters cannot be changed independently only by varying resonator distances, and mirrors of different curvature have to be employed. However, our group showed recently that for a symmetric ring resonator containing a pair of curved mirrors, the width of stability interval and the stability interval limit at maximum rod’s focal length can be adjusted continuously and independently only by varying resonator distances once the mirror radius of curvature has been fixed. In this work we demonstrate a project of an adaptive ring resonator that allows the TEM00 - mode resonator to be continuously tuned throughout the whole range of pump powers utilizing standard electromechanics to move the mirrors. Additionally for a given value of pump power, w30 can be varied, thus allowing different beam qualities to be obtained from the same resonator.
Random lasers are cheap and easy to fabricate, having several different applications such as early cancer detection, encryption and Speckle-free imaging. However, few fabricated random lasers present high efficiency, which limits their possible applications. In a recent work, our group achieved a record efficiency by developing random lasers that use compacted, polydispersed yttrium vanadate doped with neodymium (Nd3+:YVO4) powders to create separate regions for gain and light diffusion. Large particles are responsible for the light diffusion, while the small particles that occupy the spaces between them create gain pockets, absorbing the pumped light. In this work, this strategy is refined by using passive particles (SiO2) for light diffusion, restricting the laser active particles to the gain pockets. The first attempt with this strategy used 30% of Nd3+:YVO4 small powders and 70% of large SiO2 particles. Without any further optimization, the result achieved is already 40% of the highest obtained efficiency in the previously studied Nd3+:YVO4 polydisperse sample, showing a promising result to further improve this new strategy and reach even larger efficiencies with less laser active material.
Diode-side pump Nd:YAG rod modules are widely available, reliable and commercially very attractive for building continuous-wave solid-state lasers in the 10-1000 W range. Newer technologies such as fiber or thin disk lasers are generally much more expensive but have the benefit of better beam quality and higher output powers if necessary. By using well-known techniques for designing dynamically stable resonators (DSRs), lasers with high extraction efficiency and high beam quality (fundamental mode, TEM00) can be obtained also with diode side-pumped modules. However, a successful project for a dynamic stable laser depends critically on the correct choice of the fundamental mode diameter within the rod. DSR design rules are based on the beam waist, w3, at the rod principal planes by considering the rod as a thin thermal lens, which differs significantly from real resonators. Here we give guidelines and criteria on how to establish the correct diameter in each case. Using off-the-shelf 75 W Nd:YAG modules it was possible to obtain linearly polarized TEM00-mode output of 30 W with M2=1.08 from a single module, M2=1.2 and 76.5 W of output power using two modules and 100.5 W of polarized, continuous output with M2=1.8. A single-frequency ring laser was also built, using two modules, generating 51.6 W of fundamental wave single-frequency output.
Low heat generation can be obtained when pumping Nd:YLF at wavelengths of 872 nm and 880 nm and emitting at the three-level transition of 908 nm. These transitions show very low quantum defect with efficiencies of 0.96 and 0.97, respectively. However, the low average absorption cross-section at these wavelengths makes efficient absorption even for longitudinal pump setups difficult. Using a beam-shaped pump diode instead of a fiber-coupled diode bar may be an effective means of increasing absorption because it can provide for π-polarized radiation which shows higher absorption cross section. In this work, a Nd:YLF was pumped at 872 nm by a diode bar using beam-shaping. Results were compared to pumping at 872 and 880 nm with non-polarized fiber-coupled diodes. Stimulated Raman scattering was also obtained with a KGW crystal generating first Stokes emissions at 990 nm and 976 nm.
For high-resolution spectroscopy, a stable, narrow linewidth and high power output laser is desirable in order to pump different types of resonant optical parametric oscillators, which is the goal of the present work. Typical single frequency pump lasers are in the range of 10 watt output power whereas, depending on application and OPO type, higher power (>20 W) is desirable. Here we demonstrate a high-power single frequency laser based on off the shelf standard Nd:YAG pump modules. Two closely spaced, diode-side-pumped Nd:YAG rods were used in a mode-filling configuration to form a CW polarized ring resonator with TEM00 beam quality and output power of 105 W. The output power achieved is, to our knowledge, the highest reported for continuous polarized, fundamental-mode ring lasers using standard side-pumped Nd:YAG modules. The resonator allowed for power tuning over a large dynamic range and achieved excellent beam quality, using a half wave plate between both rods for birefringence compensation. Single frequency operation was achieved using a TGG crystal and an etalon, with a preliminary output power of 40 W.
Nd:YLiF4 is the gain material of choice whenever outstanding beam quality or a birefringent gain material is necessary such as in certain applications for terahertz radiation or dual-frequency mode-locking. However, for high power CW applications the material is hampered by a low thermal fracture threshold. This problem can be mitigated by special 2D pump set-ups or by keeping the quantum defect to a minimum. Direct pumping into the upper laser level of Nd:YLiF4 is usually performed at 880 nm. For quasi-three level laser emission at 908 nm, direct pumping at this wavelength provides a high quantum defect of 0.97, which allows for very high CW pump powers. Although the direct pumping transition to the upper laser state at 872 nm has a slightly smaller quantum defect of 0.96, its pump absorption cross section along the c-axis is 50% higher than at 880 nm, leading to a higher absorption efficiency. In this work we explore, for the first time to our knowledge, 908 nm lasing under 872 nm diode pumping and compare the results with 880 nm pumping for quasicw and cw operation. By inserting a KGW crystal in the cavity, Raman lines at 990 nm and 972 nm were obtained for the first time from a directly pumped 908 nm Nd:YLF fundamental laser for both quasi-cw and cw conditions.
A cubic-phase distribution is applied in the design, fabrication and characterization of inexpensive Fresnel lens arrays for
passive infrared motion sensors. The resulting lens array produces a point spread function (PSF) capable of distinguish
the presence of humans from pets by the employment of the so-called wavefront coding method. The cubic phase
distribution used in the design can also reduce the optical aberrations present in the system. This aberration control
allows a high tolerance in the fabrication of the lenses and in the alignment errors of the sensor. In order to proof the
principle, a lens was manufactured on amorphous hydrogenated carbon thin film, by well-known micro fabrication
process steps. The optical results demonstrates
that the optical power falling onto the detector surface is attenuated for
targets that present a mass that is horizontally distributed in space (e.g. pets) while the optical power is enhanced for
targets that present a mass vertically distributed in space (e.g. humans). Then a mould on steel was fabricated by laser
engraving, allowing large-scale production of the lens array in polymeric material. A polymeric lens was injected and its
optical transmittance was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry technique, which has shown an
adequate optical transmittance in the 8-14 μm wavelength range. Finally the performance of the sensor was measured in
a climate-controlled test laboratory constructed for this purpose. The results show that the sensor operates normally with
a human target, with a 12 meter detection zone and within an angle of 100 degrees. On the other hand, when a small pet
runs through a total of 22 different trajectories no sensor trips are observed. The novelty of this work is the fact that the
so-called pet immunity function was implemented in a purely optical filtering. As a result, this approach allows the
reduction of some hardware parts as well as decreasing the software complexity, once the information about the intruder
is optically processed before it is transduced by the pyroelectric sensor.
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