Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), constitute the primary drivers of global warming. Controlling anthropogenic emissions is crucial in mitigating global warming. Satellite remote sensing technology is considered the most viable and effective technological support for carbon monitoring. Global-scale, long-term carbon monitoring enhances understanding of human activities' impact on carbon cycles and climate change, while high spatiotemporal resolution carbon monitoring in key regions aims to provide data support in reducing anthropogenic emissions. Passive optical remote sensing is considered the primary technological means for satellite-based carbon monitoring. The satellite-borne passive remote sensing detection technologies successfully validated in orbit include Michelson interferometric spectroscopy, grating spectroscopy, Fabry-Pérot technology, and spatial heterodyne interferometric spectroscopy. This article reviews recent advancements in optical solutions for remote sensing payloads. It thoroughly analyzes the optical performance metrics of these payloads, comparing the strengths and weaknesses of different detection technologies through optical scheme analyses. Furthermore, specific metrics and development trends for passive payloads used in high spatiotemporal resolution remote sensing of key areas have been discussed. Finally, considering the technical requirements for China's next-generation carbon satellite. A novel static interferometric imaging technique is proposed, which combines spatial heterodyne interferometric spectral technology with azimuthal arc vector orthogonal direction heterogeneous optical field modulation. This innovative technology retains the advantages of traditional spatial heterodyne interferometry with high optical throughput and spectral resolution, while introducing new modulation techniques for enhanced spatial resolution. It is anticipated to advance global environmental protection and mitigating climate change.
Raman spectroscopy has emerged as an essential technique for material composition analysis due to its noncontact, nondestructive, and rapid characteristics. Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy offers the advantages of high stability, high throughput, and ultra-high spectral resolution, making it particularly suitable for Raman spectroscopic detection. The main design parameters of a spatial heterodyne Raman detection system were determined under near-infrared wavelength excitation: a Raman shift detection range of 300 to 2000 cm−1 and a spectral resolution of 5 cm−1 at an excitation wavelength of 785 nm. The optical design of the dispersion module and imaging module was completed. Test results demonstrate that the spectrometer achieves a spectral resolution of 5.33 cm−1 and can detect Raman shifts in the range of 315 to 2131.6 cm−1. Verification tests on cyclohexane and lipstick samples confirm that the system exhibits excellent fluorescence suppression capability, with a signal-to-noise ratio of the cyclohexane Raman peak reaching 1600.8.
In order to improve the real-time performance of the division-of-time polarization imaging system applied in dynamic scenes, the traditional rotating polarizer imaging scheme is improved and a fast-rotating polarization imaging system is designed. The scheme of the camera exposing during the uniform rotating of the polarizer is applied in the system, and the intensity images of different polarization angles are collected when a designed hollow turntable drive the polarizer to rotate rapidly. Based on the brief introduction of the principle of the polarization imaging system of fast rotating polarizer, the optical-mechanical structure design and core components of the system are introduced in detail, and the polarization imaging experiment of the system is carried out. The pipeline calculation method and the least square method are used to solve 5 adjacent intensity images of the target scene every time to calculate the degree of linear polarization (DoLP) and the angle of polarization (AoP). The test results show that the system can get polarization images at a frame rate of 80 frames per second (FPS) or with the pixels of 1280×1180. It is shown that when the imaging frame rate is 51 FPS, the polarization images obtained by solving 5 consecutive frames of intensity images have better detail recognition ability than those obtained by solving 3 consecutive frames of intensity images. Compared with the division-of-time polarization imaging system of the start-stop rotating polarizer, this division-of-time polarization imaging system with fast rotating polarizer increases the polarization imaging frame rate, improves the real-time performance, and enhances the detection ability to dynamic scenes.
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