The phased fiber laser array is an important technique for achieving high power and high beam quality laser output. The adaptive fiber-optics collimator (AFOC) is a key element of the phased fiber laser array, which is used to transfer the laser from fiber to free space and precisely control the direction of the outgoing collimating beam. To achieve kilowatt-level and higher power laser output from AFOC, it is necessary to design the collimating lens group to meet the high-power demand and analyze the optical-mechanical-thermal coupling effect of this device. According to the dynamic range of AFOC, a large aperture collimating lens group adapted to large deflection angle is presented in this paper. By using the finite element analysis method, the laser is simplified as the body heat source, and the temperature field and stress field at each lens of the AFOC at 1kW-10kW are simulated, and distribution is Gaussian. The wavefront phase analysis of the outgoing beam shows that the aberrations caused by heat absorption of the optical mirror group are mainly spherical aberrations and defocusing terms. At a laser power level of 6kW, the beam quality factor β of the collimated beam can be reduced from 4.6 to 1.6 by compensating thermal defocusing. This study provides a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of high-power AFOC and offers theoretical support for evaluating their reliability.
Since the early 1980s, the Institute of Optics & Electronics (IOE) at Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has accumulated over 40 years of expertise in the research and development of piezoelectric deformable mirror (DM) technologies. This institution has successfully implemented several piezoelectric DMs in diverse application systems. The following paper will outline the historical background of piezoelectric DM technologies at IOE, highlight some recent achievements, and elaborate on the key features, performances, and testing results of these DMs. Specifically, it will cover:1). A high-order DM equipped with 913 actuators; 2).The 2nd generation piezoelectric deformable secondary mirror (PDSM) featuring 241 actuators; 3).A high-density DM boasting over 1000 actuators. Moreover, the paper will discuss the advancements made in the development of higher-order DMs and PDSMs at IOE, CAS.
KEYWORDS: Fiber couplers, Receivers, Antennas, Signal detection, Digital signal processing, Optical transmission, Phase compensation, Telecommunications
The combination of numerous signals for a spatial diversity Free-Space Optical Communication (FSOC) framework can be actualized based on fiber-optic devices or digital signal processing. The optical combination process is normally achieved in binary tree structure to cascade multiple signals, so the number of input laser beams is subject to binary condition. In this article, we coherently combined an arbitrary number of laser beams by using a modified scheme based on the fiber couplers with specific coupling ratios. The theoretical research of three fibers combination is expressed and the practical combining efficiency of 98.3% is obtained in the experiment, which surpasses the theoretical greatest combining efficiency of customarily using 3-dB couplers. For a particular spatial diversity antenna that consists of 19 apertures, we designed its optical combination module based on specific fiber couplers. In the condition of phase differences among 19 input beams are compensated with SPGD algorithm, the average output power rises 25 to 40 times in the closed loop; the experimental combining efficiency reaches 56.5%, which is very close to the transmission efficiency of 59.3% where the combined module serves as a laser splitter without phase compensation. It means that overlooking the devices’ insert losses, the coherent combining efficiency reaches 95.3%. This study shows that optical combination provides an effective alternative for the digital signals combining process in spatial diversity FSOC.
Beam scanning technology is widely used in LIDAR, space optical communication, adaptive optics, and other fields. The microlens array scanner (MLAS) has the potential to realize large angle beam scanning with large beam size. In this paper, the current research status of MLAS and research progress are briefly introduced first. After that, the two-dimensional scanning mathematical model of the Kepler structured MLAS is analyzed and established using Fourier optics. Then, simulations are conducted to demonstrate the process of two-dimensional discrete addressing scanning. The analysis results show that the scanning angle that can be addressed by MLAS is determined by the parameters of the microlens array, and that the displacement error between the microlens arrays leads to scanning spot energy decrease. Finally, some thoughts about the future development of MLAS are given.
High-power and high-quality pulsed fiber lasers with low repetition frequency are widely applied to various fields ranging from basic science to industrial applications. Coherent beam combining (CBC) is a significant method to obtain that beam, but few methods used for large-scale CBC of pulsed fiber lasers with low repetition frequency were presented. To realize it, a new method based on a continuous carrier was designed, where the continuous wave worked as the beacon signal, and the stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm was employed for phase locking and tilt correction. The beam combining experiment revealed that the combining efficiency of two lasers with a repetition frequency of 15 kHz and a pulse width of 100 ns was 95%, and the fringe contrast in the center of the far-field spot was improved about three times. This method promises to be furtherly applied to combine the pulsed lasers with lower repetition frequency and narrower pulse width. These results pave the way for large-scale CBC of high-power and high-quality pulsed fiber lasers.
This paper presents an effective fixed pattern noise (FPN) removal method (PCA wavelet method). Compared with the traditional filtering method and statistical method, PCA wavelet method has better denoising effect. Compared with the optimization method, PCA wavelet method has faster processing speed. It is a comprehensive FPN removal method. Compared with the optimization method, this method does not need complicated parameter adjustment process, but has similar denoising effect with the optimization method. This method is very suitable for the engineering application which has certain requirements for calculation speed and denoising effect.
Spot location algorithms greatly influence the wavefront measurement error of the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor. Based on numerical simulations and experiments, we compare the wavefront reconstruction error of several spot location algorithms under different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. We solve the problem of how to select the most suitable spot location algorithm and optimal parameters under different SNR conditions, which mimic the realistic working environment of the adaptive optics system changes. We find the optimal threshold and optimal window setting rules of the center of gravity (COG), intensity weighted centroiding, and weighted center of gravity (WCOG) algorithms. The correctness of our recommendation of spot location algorithms under different SNR conditions is supported by numerical simulations and experiments. We find that when the SNR is extremely low, that is the SNR is lower than 2, the cross-correlation algorithm and the thresholding WCOG algorithm are the best choices. When the SNR is moderately low, that is the SNR ranges from 2 to 10, the best choice is the thresholding WCOG algorithm. When the SNR is high, that is, the SNR is higher than 10, the simple algorithm of thresholding COG is the best choice.
In this study, the time-dependent thermal blooming is studied by numerical simulation. The numerical simulation shows the rules of the far-field spot of the focused Gaussian beam as time progresses. In order to evaluate the effect of time dependent thermal blooming on the quality of the laser beam, far-field spot peak intensity offset Δx/a, radius of encircling 83.8% energy and peak Strehl ratio SR calculations can be used to measure system performance as a function of time. At this time, the thermal distortion parameter N are 9.433, 18.866 and 37.732, respectively. The results show that, with the evolution of time, the quality of the laser beam affected by the thermal blooming will be degraded, which is manifested by the deflection of the beam, the far-field spot will be continuously expanded, and the peak Strehl ratio will be decreased, but eventually the spot pattern will be stable.
To compensate for the time delay error in the adaptive optics (AO) systems, an open-loop predictive correction method for AO systems is proposed. There are transverse wind estimator and predictor in the correction scheme. We realized the predictor in Fourier domain and analyzed the predictor error. The large prediction error in the edge subapertures of ShackHartmann wave-front sensor (SHWFS) can be significantly suppressed by our interpolation method. Also, the robustness of the predictor to the estimator error is analyzed. We then derived the tolerance range of the predictor for the transverse wind estimator error. Finally, the performances of the predictive correction under different atmospheric conditions are analyzed. The proposed transverse wind estimator and predictor can provide satisfactory performance in most scenarios. This suggests the open-loop predictive correction method has application potentiality in practical turbulence.
Feature expression is a crucial part of the target tracking process. The artificial feature is relatively simple and has strong real-time performance, but there is a problem of insufficient representation ability. It is prone to drift when dealing with problems such as rapid change and target occlusion. With the strong feature expression ability of deep neural network features in target detection and recognition tasks, deep neural network features are gradually used as feature extraction tools, but how to use and integrate these features is still worth studying. In this paper, the Residual Neural Network(ResNet) is the main researched object, and the influence of each layer on the target tracking performance is analyzed in detail. The feature fusion strategy of the convolutional layer and the addition layer is finally determined. We train a classifier separately for these layers. Then we search the multi-layer response maps to infer the target location in a coarse-to-fine fashion. The algorithm of this paper is verified on the OTB-50 dataset. The one-pass evalution(OPE) value can reach 0.612, which is better than the same type of algorithms.
Numerical analysis model of impact of filling factor on correction of piston and tip/tilt was established based on Fourier optics and Fraunhofer diffraction theory. The variation trend between PIB and rms of piton or tip/tilt was obtained through numerical analysis, which includes 4 kinds of apertures, that was 3, 7, 19, 37 regular-hexagon-distribution circular flat top beam or circular Gauss beam and 4, 9, 16, 25 square-distribution square beam. The results showed that the bigger filling factor was, the slower variation trend of PIB and rms of piston was. Besides, the phenomenon was more marked when there were more apertures for coherent beam combination. The results also showed that there was no business between PIB and rms of tip/tilt. It was uncovered that, for different filling factor and apertures, if the piston was corrected below 0.08λ and the tip/tilt was corrected below 0.25λ/q, the 80% of best PIB would be achieved.
The centroid method is commonly adopted to locate the spot in the sub-apertures in the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SH-WFS), in which preprocessing image is required before calculating the spot location due to that the centroid method is extremely sensitive to noises. In this paper, the SH-WFS image was simulated according to the characteristics of the noises, background and intensity distribution. The Optimal parameters of SH-WFS image preprocessing method were put forward, in different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, where the wavefront reconstruction error was considered as the evaluation index. Two methods of image preprocessing, thresholding method and windowing combing with thresholding method, were compared by studying the applicable range of SNR and analyzing the stability of the two methods, respectively.
An investigation of laser cleaning of the oxide layers on the surface of the hot-rolled steel sheets was presented both experimentally and theoretically. By using a ∼100-ns pulsed laser, the optimized experimental parameters, such as the scanning speed, spatial overlap between two adjacent scans, and laser power density, were studied to obtain efficient and high-quality cleaning and avoid the formation of new oxide layer due to the heating by the laser. The temperature elevation and ablation depth were simulated and the data agree well with the experimental results. The change of composition of the surface layer, the surface roughness, and hardness due to laser ablation were also measured.
The optical axis dynamic range and detection sensitivity are limited by the focal length of the image lens. The focus gets used to be lengthened for enhancing the detection sensitivity, but the dynamic range will become narrow. In this paper, we proposed a new optical path structure on the basis of a two-dimension orthogonal diffraction grating. A corresponding experimental setup was built to compare the dynamic range and centroid detection accuracy of the new method and the conventional method under the same experiment conditions. The experimental results show that the optical axis dynamic range is enlarged obviously, and the high-precision centroid is detected at the same time.
SIFT feature point extraction algorithm is commonly used in image matching which maintains invariance for scaling, rotation, and brightness changes. Phase correlation algorithm is less dependent on image information with relativity strong noise cancellation performance and high robustness. Based on the traditional phase correlation method, a subpixel accuracy motion estimation method based on interest region is proposed to achieve the high precision localization of the extended object. The paper choose feature blocks centered on feature points extracted from SIFT algorithm. Then the phase correlation operation is performed on the obtained feature blocks and the initial amount of translation is obtained. Then interpolate and implement cubic surface fitting on the neighborhood of the correlation peak, the accurate translation of adjacent images is obtained. The paper simulate the classical pictures applied to image processing. The accuracy of the method is verified by the ideal data.
KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Control systems, Control systems design, Computing systems, Device simulation, Telescopes, Linear filtering, Optical simulations, Systems modeling, Computer simulations
Optical systems such as telescopes are very complex, and their model usually with the uncertainty. To deal with the uncertainty of adaptive optics system and improve system robust stability, the mixed sensitivity H-infinity control has been introduced to design system controller. In order to testify the validity, wavefront aberration correction capability, as well as the robust stability, has been compared between the mixed sensitivity H-infinity controller and the classic integral controller. The computer simulation results demonstrate that the system with the mixed sensitivity H-infinity controller, while can’t guarantee a better correction performance, has greater robust stability than the one with the classic integral controller. That is to say, greater robust stability is achieved at the expense of the correction capability in the system with H-infinity controller. Moreover, the greater the uncertainty is, the more proceeds the mixed sensitivity H-infinity controller will produce. It proves the efficiency of the mixed sensitivity H-infinity controller in dealing with the uncertainty of adaptive optics system.
Recently developed adaptive fiber laser array technique provides a promising way incorporating aberrations correction with laser beams transmission. Existing researches are focused on sub-aperture low order aberrations (pistons and tips/tilts) compensation and got excellent correction results for weak and moderate turbulence in short range. While such results are not adequate for future laser applications which face longer range and stronger turbulence. So sub-aperture high aberrations compensation is necessary. Relationship between corrigible orders of sub-aperture aberrations and far-field metrics as power-in-the-bucket (PIB) and Strehl ratio is investigated with numeric simulation in this paper. Numerical investigation results shows that increment in array number won’t result in effective improvement of the far-field metric if sub-aperture size is fixed. Low order aberrations compensation in sub-apertures gets its best performances only when turbulence strength is weak. Pistons compensation becomes invalid and higher order aberrations compensation is necessary when turbulence gets strong enough. Cost functions of the adaptive fiber laser array with high order aberrations correction in sub-apertures are defined and the optimum corrigible orders are discussed. Results shows that high order (less than first ten Zernike orders) compensation is acceptable where balance between increment of the far-field metric and the cost and complexity of the system could be reached.
Design of the controller of an adaptive optical system is very complex because its model is usually with uncertainty. To deal with uncertainty and to improve robust stability, the mixed sensitivity H∞ control has been introduced to design the controller. In order to testify the validity, wavefront aberration correction capability as well as the robust stability has been compared between the mixed sensitivity H∞ controller and the classic integral controller. The computer simulation results demonstrate that the system with the mixed sensitivity H∞ controller, though it cannot guarantee a better correction performance, has greater robust stability than the one with the classic integral controller. That is to say, greater robust stability is achieved at the expense of the correction capability in the system with H∞ controller. Moreover, the greater the uncertainty is, the more proceeds the mixed sensitivity H∞ controller will produce. It proves the efficiency of the mixed sensitivity H∞ controller in dealing with uncertainty in adaptive optics system.
The prediction control method can be used to reduce the dynamic performance of an adaptive optics system (AOS) correcting the wavefront distortion of atmosphere turbulence. Some researchers have proved this idea but usually in open-loop condition and based on the wavefront or sub-aperture gradients of wavefront sensors. It is difficult to predict wavefront distortion in close-loop. But nearly all AOS are running in close-loop in practice to reduce the nonlinear error of wavefront sensor and deformable mirror (DM). In this paper, two prediction methods were proposed to improve the dynamic performance of an AOS both in open-loop and in close-loop. In one method, the Recursive Least-Square (RLS) algorithm was used to calculate the prediction and control parameters of an AOS based on the voltages of DM with 61 actuators. In another method, the Lucas-Kanade optical flow method was used to estimate transverse wind speed and calculate the predicted voltages of DM with 127 actuators. Numerical simulations were carried out with dynamic atmosphere turbulence in different conditions. The residual wave-front error, the Strehl Ratio, and the power spectrum densities were calculated and compared between an AOS with and without the prediction method. The results show that the dynamic control performances of an AOS will be improved significantly by using prediction control methods.
Centroid computation of Gaussian spot is often conducted to get the exact position of a target or to measure wave-front
slopes in the fields of target tracking and wave-front sensing. Center of Gravity (CoG) is the most traditional method of
centroid computation, known as its low algorithmic complexity. However both electronic noise from the detector and
photonic noise from the environment reduces its accuracy. In order to improve the accuracy, thresholding is unavoidable
before centroid computation, and optimum threshold need to be selected. In this paper, the model of Gaussian spot is
established to analyze the performance of optimum threshold under different Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions.
Besides, two optimum threshold selection methods are introduced: TmCoG (using m % of the maximum intensity of spot
as threshold), and TkCoG ( usingμn +κσ n as the threshold), μn and σn are the mean value and deviation of back noise.
Firstly, their impact on the detection error under various SNR conditions is simulated respectively to find the way to
decide the value of k or m. Then, a comparison between them is made. According to the simulation result, TmCoG is
superior over TkCoG for the accuracy of selected threshold, and detection error is also lower.
An introduction was given to the active segmented mirror(ASM) used in coherent beam combination firstly. Based on the actuator distribution of ASM, the computational formula between the perturbation voltage of each actuator and the perturbation of piston or tip/tilt was acquired. Then the numerical analysis of correction process with two different perturbation ways in SPGD algorithm was carried on. By comparing the two correction processes, it was found that the convergence speed of the second method is 25 times as fast as the first one when there only existed piston error between the two beamlets, while the convergence speed was almost the same when there only existed tip/tilt error, and the convergence speed is 5 times when there existed both piston and tip/tilt error.
Laser Guide Star (LGS) is an artificial atmospheric turbulence probing source of adaptive optics (AO) for compensating for the wave-front error of interested object in real time, and for providing approximate diffraction-limited resolution recovery. Actually the unavoidable anisoplanatic error resulting from different light experience between the LGS and the object of interest through turbulent atmosphere will lead to an incomplete wave-front distortion compensation of the object. In this paper the statistics of anisoplanatic errors and their associated Zernike-modal variances have been systematically investigated for different LGS sources by means of numerical simulation, including Rayleigh LGS and Sodium LGS. The numerical results show that the probed wave-front expanded Zernike-modal decorrelation versus angular deviation between the LGS and the object of interest becomes much more sensitive for the higher altitude LGS. For minor angular deviations with LGS focal spots being still within the ray path from the object to the telescope, the reduction of the error from turbulence above the LGS altitude is still a leading cause to decrease the residual error variance after AO correction. However, for the greater angular deviations with LGS focal spots moving on the outside of the ray path from the object to the telescope, higher-altitude LGS could lead to an increasing residual error variance after AO complete correction with its wave-front as reference. At this point the adopted LGS operation mode and the AO system modal correction optimization should be taken into account for achieving a desired residual wave-front error.
The paper presents a control algorithm based on double deformable mirrors' (DM) voltage decoupling for an adaptive optics system. In the method there includes two DMs, and one DM has large stroke, and another has high spatial frequency. This paper presents the theoretic model about DM's voltage decoupling, designs control system that uses inertial element, and analyzes the performance on the control algorithm. Simulation and experimental results indicate the method can effectively correct aberrations that include large-scale low order aberrations and high spatial frequency aberrations in adaptive optics system at the same time, and improve the AO control system's performance.
numerical simulation model for coherent combination of multiple rectangular beams, square beams and circular beams has been developed. The beam quality factor β of wavelet and its combination was obtained by numerical calculation through fast Fourier transform (FFT) when each wavelet has Zernike aberrations with twenty-one polynomials. The influence of piston on coherent beam combination was analyzed too. It’s demonstrated that the influence of piston on CBC(coherent beam combination) was small if each wavelet has many other higher order aberrations. The relationship between the averaged beam quality factor β of all wavelets and beam quality factor β of CBC based on these wavelets was also obtained by numerical calculation. A fitting formula was used to fit the discrete data. By this way, an expression of the relationship was acquired. Fitting coefficients between numerical calculation and theoretical result were compared and the affecting factor of the difference was analyzed. We concluded that fitting coefficients of numerical calculation result was smaller than theoretical result because of wavelet arrangement and filling ratio.
The system errors and random errors of a CCD sensor cause measurement errors of a laser spot width. Taking the
Gaussian spot as example, the computer simulation method is used to analyze the influences of the measurement window
size, the non-ideal integral sampling, the number of quantization lever and the read-out noise on the measurement
precision of Gaussian spot width respectively, and the synthesized influences of these four kinds of error sources of the
laboratory 8-bit CCD sensor on the measurement precision of Gaussian spot width. An optimal measurement window
size is given. Simulation results are analyzed and discussed.
LINC-NIRVANA (LN) is a near-infrared image-plane beam combiner with advanced, multi-conjugated adaptive optics
for the Large Binocular Telescope. Non-common path aberrations (NCPAs) between the near-infrared science camera
and the wave-front sensor (WFS) are unseen by the WFS and therefore are not corrected in closed loop. This would
prevent LN from achieving its ultimate performance. We use a modified phase diversity technique to measure the
internal optical static aberrations and hence the NCPAs. Phase diversity is a methodology for estimating wave-front
aberrations by solving an unconstrained optimization problem from multiple images whose pupil phases differ from one another by a known amount. We conduct computer simulations of the reconstruction of aberrations of an optical system with the phase diversity method. In the reconstruction, we fit the wave-front to Zernike polynomials to reduce the number of variables. The limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (L-BFGS) algorithm is very well suited to phase diversity (PD) due to its good performance in solving large scale optimization problems. The main constraint for the implementation of PD for LN is that we cannot add extra components to the internal interferometric camera imaging system to obtain infocus and defocus images. In this paper, we introduce a new method, namely shifting the focal plane source, not the detector, to overcome this constraint. Some experiments were done to test and verify this method and the results are presented and discussed. The study shows that the method is very flexible and the paper gives practical guidelines for the application of phase diversity methods to characterize adaptive optics systems.
Coherent beam combining (CBC) of fiber array is a promising way to generate high power and high quality laser beams.
Target-in-the-loop (TIL) technique might be an effective way to ensure atmosphere propagation compensation without
wavefront sensors. In this paper, we present very recent research work about CBC of collimated fiber array using TIL
technique at the Key Lab on Adaptive Optics (KLAO), CAS. A novel Adaptive Fiber Optics Collimator (AFOC)
composed of phase-locking module and tip/tilt control module was developed. CBC experimental setup of three-element
fiber array was established. Feedback control is realized using stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm.
The CBC based on TIL with piston and tip/tilt correction simultaneously is demonstrated. And the beam pointing to
locate or sweep position of combined spot on target was achieved through TIL technique too. The goal of our work is
achieve multi-element CBC for long-distance transmission in atmosphere.
Based on the fractal characteristics of turbulence-distorted wavefront, a new algorithm for generating a very long
rectangular turbulent phase screen is proposed. The phase structure function of generated phase screens can be very well
compared to the theoretical one. In comparison to existing approaches, the present algorithm shows obvious advantages.
Phase retrieval technique is one of the most important methods to measure the wavefront in adaptive optics. In this paper,
a linear phase retrieval (LPR) technique used in close-loop adaptive optics (AO) is introduced. The performance of a
close-loop AO system based on the LPR sensor is researched using numerical simulations first. Then an AO
experimental system based on LPR sensor is set up with a 32-element piezoelectric deformable mirror (DM). The static
phase aberration correction experiment is carried out to research the valid range of phase aberration that can be corrected
and the dynamic characteristic. Both the numerical simulation results and the experimental results show that the LPR
technique can be used in adaptive optics to correct the small phase aberration successfully. The dynamic characteristic
shows that the LPR sensor may be used in real-time AO system in future.
The stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm is a promising control algorithm for adaptive optics (AO), which is independent of wave-front sensor and is used to correct the wavefront distortion by optimizing the system performance metric directly. In this paper an adaptive optics experiment system with 32 control channels is set up and the static phase-distortion correction experiment is carried out to research the efficiency and performance of SPGD algorithm. The quadratic sum of intensity and the mean radius are used as the system performance metric respectively in the experiment. The experiments results demonstrate that the adaptive optics using SPGD algorithm can correct the static phase-distortion successfully. The mean radius is more sensitive to the small perturbation voltage than quadratic sum of intensity. When the mean radius is used as the system performance metric at the beginning of the correction process, and then the encircled energy is used in succession, both the convergence rate and the stability are improved.
A method to retrieve small phase aberration from a single far-field image is proposed. It only needs to calibrate the
inherent aberration of the imaging system once, and then the difference between a single measured image with aberration
and the calibrated image with inherent aberration is got to retrieve the disturbed phase aberration by an approximate
linear relationship. Computer simulations are employed to analyze the performance of this linear phase retrieval (LPR)
wave-front sensor. The dynamic range of this method is discussed without noise to judge how small it is needed to
satisfy the method. The results show that the proposed small phase retrieval method works well when the RMS phase
error is less than 1.6 rad. The Linear Phase Retrieval wave-front sensor and the Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor are
compared on the same stochastic wave-front aberration. The influence of different calculation condition on the retrieval
results is compared and analyzed. After analyzing the target resolution, it is thought that a reasonable target size is
advantageous to the retrieval precision. At the same time, the LPR sensor can realize the alike precision measurement by
using less detect cell, such as 8 pixelx8 pixel in our experiment. From the retrieval results of different orders, the error
rate are less than 0.25 and it is comparatively accurate to retrieve pre-35 order aberrations.
The basic principle of the linear phase retrieval (LPR) method is introduced. It is found that in small phase condition,
the odd and even parts of phase aberration can be obtained uniquely with a simple linear calculation method. The
difference between a single measured image with aberration and the calibrated image with inherent aberration are used
to retrieve aberration phases. In this paper, the principle of LPR and its application in close-loop AO system are
introduced in vector-matrix format, which is a kind of linear calculation and is suitable for real-time calculation.
Although the LPR method is limited for small aberrations only, it is suitable to use as a wavefront sensor in close-loop
adaptive optical system. The performances of the LPR method are tested in a close-loop adaptive optics system with
PZT deformable mirror. The experiment results show that the LPR method can be performed in real time and achieve
good capabilities.
The conventional adaptive optics (AO) technique based on phase conjugate principle requires the information about a
reference wave front that corresponds to the undistorted image when it is applied to extended source image correction.
The AO technique based on the image function appears more promising than the conventional AO for this application.
The success of this technique depends on an appropriate image quality criterion and a suitable control algorithm. We
tried to find a convenient image performance metric not from additional optics elements, but only from the distorted
image which is a gray level image. Simulation results showed the variance function of gray level presents more potential
than other ways, such as ways based on the information about the gray level gradient of each pixel. Based on SPGD
algorithm, an AO system was simulated with a 61-element deformable mirror and the above resultant image quality
criterion. The correction capability of the AO system was investigated through different images and different level
aberrations. Numerical simulation results verified the performance metric we used is effective. The system can correct
different level disturbed images successfully when parameters of the algorithm were appropriate for static distorted
wave-fronts.
The basic principle and the characteristics of a new kind of linear phase retrieval (LPR) wave-front measuring method
were analyzed. It is proved that the unknown phase can be retrieved uniquely from only one far-field image with
calibration in advance. The principle construction of wave-front sensor developed from the LPR algorithm was
described. The performance of the LPR method was tested by numerical simulation on measuring the arbitrary disturbed
wave-front. The results showed that the LPR method was feasible on a certain system aberration condition, and it had
good ability on high-spacial resolution. In the lab, an experiment setup based on the LPR method had been built. The
experiment results testified the feasibility of this method and it could realize highly precision measure by using less
amount of detect elements.
A kind of real-time adaptive control (RTAC) algorithm that can be put into practice in the feed-back close loop AO system was introduced in this paper. The RTAC algorithm, doesn't like the traditional control algorithm, considered the effect of atmospheric turbulence and the measurement noise together with the dynamic characteristics of the AO system. The parameters of controller can be modified during iterative calculation through the RTAC algorithm. The RTAC algorithm can adapt to the changes of work conditions to keep achieve optimal control performance. The theory of the RTAC algorithm will be discussed. The computer simulation and the experiment results on a modular adaptive optics experiment system with the RTAC algorithm will be discussed.
In this paper, the compensation effects of sub-aperture gradients of Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor in an adaptive optics (AO) system with four different reconstruction algorithms were analyzed. A kind of optimal-gradient reconstruction algorithm was deduced from least-square (LS) reconstruction algorithm by consider the statistical characteristics of atmospheric turbulence and measurement noise. A kind of sensor-eigen (SE) modal reconstruction algorithm was deduced from LS reconstruction algorithm by orthogonalizing the statistical correlation matrix of drive voltages by means of singular value decomposition (SVD) method. Two kinds of zonal reconstruction algorithms, the LS reconstruction algorithm and the optimal-gradient reconstruction algorithm, along with two modal reconstruction algorithms, the Zernike modal reconstruction algorithm and the SE modal reconstruction algorithm, were compared together on a 61-element AO system working in atmospheric turbulence. Performances of the four reconstruction algorithms were calculated and analyzed in different work conditions. It is showed that zonal reconstruction algorithms can achieve better compensation, but the modal reconstruction algorithms can achieve better stability. Zonal reconstruction algorithms are suitable in general condition, but the modal reconstruction algorithm with ability of partial compensation will be better in lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) condition.
Two generations of adaptive optical system for human retina imaging have been developed. The wavefront correcting elements are small PZT 19 and 37 element deformable mirrors (DM) with novel structure. The diameters of these DMs are 24 and 50mm respectively. By using these DMs, the size of whole optical system are rather small and can be fit on table. These systems are successfully used to correct the aberrations of living human eye. High-resolution images of microscopic structure in the scale of single photo-receptor cell and capillary in the human retina have been obtained by real-time correction of adaptive optical systems.
The Zernike modal wavefront reconstruction error of Shack-Hartmann sensor on measuring the atmospheric disturbed wavefront was analyzed in this paper. It's showed that the wavefront reconstruction error is concern with sub-aperture configuration type and the total Zernike mode number used in wavefront reconstruction algorithm. Some formulas to calculate the wavefront reconstruction error of a Shack-Hartmann sensor in Kolmogorov turbulence were deduced in this paper too. The experiment data from two Shack-Hartmann sensors with configuration of 8x8 sub-apertures and 32x32 sub-apertures respectively were analyzed and compared.
Three kinds of real-time wave-front reconstruction algorithms used in adaptive optics (AO) systems, the direct- gradient algorithm, the mirror-eigen modal algorithm and the sensor-eigen modal algorithm, were analyzed in this paper. The direct-gradient reconstruction algorithm was compared with other two modal reconstruction algorithms in experiments. The mirror-eigen modal algorithm was based on the modal functions gotten by orthogonalizing the coupling matrix between actuator influence functions of deformable mirror. The sensor-eigen functions were deduced by orthogonalizing the correlation matrix between Hartmann- Shack wave-front sensor and deformable mirror. The functions were used as basic modes in a novel modal reconstruction algorithm. All these three algorithms were tested on a 61- element AO system in atmosphere turbulence. The experiment data proved that the performances of AO system could be improved by using the two modal algorithms compare to those using the direct-gradient algorithm in the same work condition.
Power spectra function was used usually to describe the time domain characteristic of atmosphere disturbed wavefront. Power spectra reject function, which defines as the ratio of the power spectra function of the close-loop compensated wavefront to the open-loop disturbed wavefront, was used to describe the control effect of an adaptive optical system. In this paper the control effect of the Zernike wavefront modals for an adaptive optical system using direct-gradient wavefront reconstruction algorithm was analyzed by using the power spectra reject function of Zernike model coefficients. The dynamic models of Zernike modal compensation for the direct-gradient algorithm were established. The power spectra reject functions were calculated from the theoretic model and compared with those gotten from experimental data. It is shown that there is coupling between some Zernike modals while using the direct-gradient algorithm. Although the control bandwidth was affected slightly, the power spectra reject function of the coupled Zernike modals become worse at low frequency range, this causes the wavefront compensation effect descended to some degree.
Adaptive optics has been successfully used in astronomy to obtain near diffraction limited images. It also can be used to improve the laser beam quality. In this paper, a test that a He-Ne laser was used to simulate an annular beam and was cleaned up by the 61 elements adaptive optical system is reported. The results show that the beam quality is improved.
For wavefront disturbance to be corrected, an adaptive optics system acts as a low pass filter, for noise of wavefront sensor--as high pass filter. For most of AO systems there is a time delay in wavefront sensing and processing, and the bandwidths will be limited by the time delay. In this paper, three kinds of transfer functions (close-loop, open-loop and error transfer functions) for an AO system with time delay are analyzed. The four criteria of bandwidths are defined and compared between a simple proportional-integral (PI) control algorithm and a Smith control algorithm. By using the Smith algorithm, the bandwidths are improved. The experimental results of the transfer functions and bandwidths with our newly developed 61 elements system are also presented.
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