Terrestrial radiative cooling utilizes materials that allow solar radiation to pass through or reflect away while efficiently radiating heat across the atmospheric transmission window. Here we show that liquid water, when its thickness is in a proper range, is highly transparent to the solar spectrum and emits strongly in the infrared. By incorporating a solar reflector underneath, a thin water layer of proper thickness exhibits a solar reflectivity of 96.6% and a thermal emissivity of 0.94. During outdoor testing, the water-based radiative cooler achieved sub-ambient temperatures of 6 °C at noon and 11 °C around 18:00 when direct sunlight was absent. Notably, the water temperature remained below freezing for most of the day, despite ambient temperatures above 0 °C.
Passive radiative cooling, a method for lowering the temperature of outdoor objects without the need for electrical power, has garnered interest for its potential in energy conservation. However, the high reflectivity of the radiative cooler in solar spectra typically results in a white or silver color, posing limitations for aesthetic and practical applications. Here we provide the method for calculating the minimum thermal load across the CIE 1931 xy chromaticity diagram. In addition, we introduce a spectral conversion microphotonic thin film as the colored radiative cooler based on photoluminescence (PL) phosphor. By using the microstructure array, 89% of the light trapped by Total Internal Reflection (TIR) can be extracted from the film, which lowers the amount of heat produced. It proves the potential of the colored radiative cooler based on PL phosphor and light-extraction microstructures.
Increasing crop yields is the most sustainable approach toward the escalating food demand. Promoting crop production using genetic and ecological engineering such as reducing photorespirations, and accelerating recovery from photoprotections, is emerging yet debatable for its wide public acceptance. Alternatively, managing light quantity (intensity) and quality (spectrum) provides a promising and secure venue for improving crop yield, but comes with costs. For example, increasingly adopted supplementary electric lighting, consumed nearly 6 TWh of electricity in 2017 in the United States alone. Meanwhile, not every spectral component of sunlight contributes equally to photosynthesis. Recently have spectral-shifting materials been introduced to convert impinging sunlight into an optimized spectrum for photosynthesis. However, a fundamental optics challenge remains unaddressed: the majority of the internally generated photons are trapped inside the material, leading to seemingly encouraging but inconsistent results. Exploiting a photonic microstructure that is simple to manufacture, we demonstrate a spectral-shifting and unidirectional light extracting film that converts the least effective photosynthetic components of sunlight (green light) into the most effective (red) light with an internal quantum efficiency of 90% and a total external quantum efficiency of 43.8%. More importantly, this film breaks the propagation symmetry of light and extracts most of the otherwise trapped light unidirectionally into free space, rendering an easily adaptable greenhouse envelope material. Using leafy green lettuce as model crops, the micro-photonic film allows us to harvest > 20% more aboveground biomass of lettuce both indoor and outdoor. As we demonstrate experimentally, the photonic thin film can serve as greenhouse envelopes to provide more effective photosynthetic light than that of direct sunlight, opening the door for “red-colored” greenhouses and other protected environments with substantially augmented crop yields.
Data communications have been growing at a speed even faster than Moore's Law, with a 44-fold increase
expected within the next 10 years. Data Transfer on such scale would have to recruit optical
communication technology and inspire new designs of light sources, modulators, and photodetectors. An
ideal optical modulator will require high modulation speed, small device footprint and large operating
bandwidth. Silicon modulators based on free carrier plasma dispersion effect and compound
semiconductors utilizing direct bandgap transition have seen rapid improvement over the past decade. One
of the key limitations for using silicon as modulator material is its weak refractive index change, which
limits the footprint of silicon Mach-Zehnder interferometer modulators to millimeters. Other approaches
such as silicon microring modulators reduce the operation wavelength range to around 100 pm and are
highly sensitive to typical fabrication tolerances and temperature fluctuations. Growing large, high quality
wafers of compound semiconductors, and integrating them on silicon or other substrates is expensive,
which also restricts their commercialization. In this work, we demonstrate that graphene can be used as the
active media for electroabsorption modulators. By tuning the Fermi energy level of the graphene layer, we
induced changes in the absorption coefficient of graphene at communication wavelength and achieve a
modulation depth above 3 dB. This integrated device also has the potential of working at high speed.
The resonance enhanced Goos-Hanchen shifts at attenuated total internal reflection enables the possibility for highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor. The observed giant displacements result from the singular phase retardation at the resonance where the phase is continuous but changes dramatically. The phenomenon is proposed for chemical sensing and the superior sensitivity is demonstrated.
Near-field multiphoton optical lithography is demonstrated by using ~120 fs laser pulses at 790 nm in an apertureless near-field optical microscope, which produce the lithographic features with ~ 70 nm resolution. The technique takes advantage of the field enhancement at the extremity of a metallic probe to induce nanoscale multiphoton absorption and polymerization in a commercial photoresist, SU-8. Even without optimization of the resist or laser pulses, the spatial resolution of this technique is as high as λ/10, nearly a factor of two smaller than the previous multiphoton lithography in the far field.
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