The t0.technology Control and Readout System (CRS) is a modular microwave control and readout system for mm-wave and radio astronomy, THz imaging, noise radar, and superconducting qubit control. The configuration discussed in this work implements firmware for readout of microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector (KID) arrays. The CRS can operate 4,096 KIDs over 2.5 GHz of complex bandwidth between 0–10 GHz, typically allocated across four independent RF chains at 1,024x multiplexing and 625MHz of complex bandwidth each. Every CRS can operate as a standalone unit or collectively within one or more backplane-enabled subracks that distribute power, clocking, and synchronization, scaling to an arbitrary number of channels. Each fully populated subrack supports arrays of more than 65,000 KIDs. The signal processing and control software supports recent innovations in multi-probe measurements and dynamic feedback modes, which are described in Rouble et al. (2024, these proceedings). The CRS has recently been selected as the new baseline readout system for the proposed South Pole Telescope instrument, SPT-3G+.1 We present the hardware design, firmware capabilities, open-source control and data acquisition software, and the first laboratory characterization measurements.
Here we present advances in the use of near field microwaves, in both high-resolution microwave microscopy of nanostructured materials, as well as on the processing of materials with high microwave power density in selected areas. For the former, we utilize a commercial Scanning Microwave Impedance Microscope (PrimeNano Inc.) and demonstrate 3nm feature size. We discuss the mechanisms for image contrast, as well as draw equivalent circuits for a variety of metallic, semiconductor and dielectric systems. For the latter, we built a homemade system that enabled the concentration of microwaves in areas smaller than 100um diameter. We report on the system performance, and demonstrate the use of the tool in monitoring materials changes as heating takes place, by measuring and analyzing the reflected microwave signal. In summary, we demonstrate the usage, limits and opportunities of harnessing microwave power in the near field to map and modify materials properties in small scales.
At the limits of physical representation of bits, novel opportunities arise, in particular leveraging the granular nature of charges, photons and atoms. One interesting application is the generation of truly random numbers. The need of a true random sequence of numbers is strategic for a variety of applications, ranging from the game industry to cryptography. Physical sources that rely on natural phenomena spanning radioactive decay, chaotic oscillators, thermal and quantum noise have their own merit, but for the purposes of integration, attributes such as bandwidth and power consumption, need to be accounted for. Here we evaluate transition metal oxide two terminal devices, memristors operating near the quantum of conductance and negative differential resistance metal-insulator transition devices, as potential candidates for a solid state source. In particular, the caveats of each implementation will be covered, such as the necessity of postprocessing and scalability.
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