The transmission characteristics of the dielectric grating - thin metal film - dielectric grating structure have been analyzed
by the coupled wave method (CWM). The analysis is conducted for waves of TE and TM polarizations. The qualitative
transmission characters are similar for two polarizations, but are different quantitatively. The reflectance of such structure
can be higher than 0.85 on wavelength of 1.5μm at certain parameters for a silver film with thickness of 0.0385μm. The reflectance
on the wavelength of the maximum transmission is actually equal to zero. The only thin film without gratings on
the same wavelength has the transmittance of 0.004 and reflectance of 0.984. The system, which consists of grating from
metal included between homogeneous dielectrics, also possesses by anomalous high transmission. At that the transmission
is substantially higher than a ratio of a metal-free space to the grating period. Similar dependences can be obtained for a
structure, in which the thin film of metal is located between two layers of dielectric with high refraction index. At certain
conditions the reflection is less than 0.0002 and transmission is more than 0.87 for the metal thickness of 0.0385 μm. The
rule is found, which is enable to find approximately the parameters for these high transmission structures. This effect is explained
by the coupled wave resonance with forming of a wave node within the thin metal film that minimizes absorption.
The analysis of the transmission of system "dielectric grating- thin metal film-dielectric grating-substrate" is conducted by method of coupled waves. The 53 diffraction orders are used at the analysis that ensures the suitable precision of numerical calculations. It is reveal, that at the certain parameters the system has the anomalously high transmission for the reflection of about zero. For example, the silver film with thickness of 0.0385 μm, which is placed between a two grating with the certain parameters, transmits more than 0.86 and 0.83 for TE and TM polarizations, respectively, at wave-length of 1.5 μm. Under vacuum the silver film of the same thickness has the reflection more than 0.98 and transmits less than 0.004. The analogical results are obtained for other metals: cold and potassium. The transmittance value sharply decreases at deviation of wavelength from optimum magnitude. Basing on such structures it is possible to build the narrow-banded filters. The effect of great transmission can be explained in the following way. The gratings serve as matched elements of impedance for the thin metal film and of impedance for homogeneous mediums. The field distribution inside structure meets standing wave, node of which placed on thin metal film that leads to low absorption.
The new approach for creation of film reflecting holographic marks for optical security is proposed. Such marks are replicas of a reflecting master hologram recorded on a chalcogenide glass layer. To receive the master hologram, the joint power spectrum of an input phase mask or a transformed phase mask and a reference phase mask is produced at the plane of the hologram writing and is modulated by an inclined laser beam. If an inclined laser beam illuminates the replica recorded on a flexible substrate, phase noise including speckle noise is eliminated because the hologram carrier frequency exceeds greatly the limiting frequency of the phase noise power spectrum. Experimental results have shown the principal possibility to produce the high performance film reflecting holographic marks for security applications. The proposed approach can be combined with technologies for fabrication of rainbow holograms. In this case, the received rainbow holograms are the reflecting holographic marks simultaneously. Therefore, they can be verified not only visually, but also by means of automatic identification.
In the classic method for calculation of energy-band structure of photonic crystal the electromagnetic field of wave that propagates in crystal is expanded in plane waves. The determination task of the allowed frequencies at certain wave vector in the first Brillouin zone leads to the finding of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the corresponding matrix equation with dimension, which provides the necessary precision of determination of the allowed frequencies. Because of slow convergence of expansion in plane waves, it is necessary to solve the matrix equation of high dimension that requires considerable computation time. The proposed method of determination of the allowed frequencies is based on the coupled wave method (CWM) at the corresponding definition of boundary periodic conditions. Especially, this method is simple for 1D photonic crystals, that comes to the eigenvalue problem of the matrix equation of 2x2 dimension. For 2D photonic crystals the solution also leads to the eigenvalue problem, but of 2Nx2N matrix, where N is number of the coupled waves. Frequency will be allowed, if absolute value of eigenvalue is equal to one. In the proposed method the 2Nx2N dimension of the matrix equation is equivalent to the dimension of N2xN2 of classic method. The stable S-algorithm of computation is developed. The computations of energy-band structure of 1D and 2D photonic crystals of the simplest structure are conducted. The dependencies of computation precision on the number of coupled waves at change of N from 1 to 29 are obtained.
The light diffraction on dielectric grating placed on metallic substrate by the method of coupled waves (CWM) taking into account the 53 diffraction orders is analysed. The modified stable S-algorithm is used for diffraction analysis. At certain parameters of grating the resonance of coupled waves (CWR), which consists in sharp increase of electromagnetic field into grating, appears. This increase of electromagnetic field results in full absorption of wave energy in metallic substrate. The behaviour of CWR depends on modulation value of permittivity of grating material. The approximate grating parameters at the condition of appearance of waveguide effect corresponding to CWR are found. These parameters are improved for achievement of full absorption by the picking-up method. The grating parameters on platinum, potassium, gold, silver for wavelengths of 0.85 μm and 1.5 μm at condition, that reflection coefficient less that 0.0001, by CWM are found. For Pt and K the dependencies of reflection coefficient on the grating thickness for TE and TM polarisation are obtained. For all metals dependencies of reflectance on wavelength, which it is possible rather precisely to describe by analytical equations with a Laurence's function, are calculated. Especially, analytical dependence precisely coincides with a curve, which by CWM for grating with small permittivity modulation of grating material is obtained. For potassium and silver the dependence of reflectance on light incidence on grating is obtained. The analysis of resonance absorption effect for TE and TM polarisation is conducted.
The results of investigations on transmission spectrum of identical Bragg grating system in an optical fiber are presented. A controllable interferometer with resolution of 0.1 pm in linewidth of 1550+1nm can be built from four gratings.
Possibilities of short light pulse formation using a controllable Fabri-Perot interferometer based on an optical fiber are considered. This controllable interferometer consists of four similar Bragg gratings which are set in a certain order in a fiber and which produce two interferometers. If the length of the first interferometer is 10 mm and the length of the second one is 67 mm, gratings reflection for Bragg wavelength equal 0.99 and when the power of 100 W comes to such an interferometer in a fiber then it is possible to obtain 106 W power pulses with their duration of 0.64 • 10-9 sec at period of repeats of 1.45 • 10-5 sec at the output. Coefficient of efficiency is about 0.44.
Peculiarities of light diffraction on multilayered holograms have been analyzed based on the coupled waves theory. For such holograms, oscillations with periods determined mainly by distances between subholograms are observed in the dependence of diffraction efficiency on incident angle. If a refractive index modulation efficiency for two-layered holograms is more than a definite quantity then it is possible to match an incident angle for each wavelength of a definite range (i.e. 0.4 . . . 0.8 mkm) and the diffraction efficiency at such an angle is 100% and it does not have to be a Bragg angle. Such multilayered holograms can be used in laser technology for wavelength selection instead of the Fabry-Perot interferometer in semiconductor laser frequency stabilization devices, and for small angle displacement measurements.
On the basis of coupled waves theory is received system of differential equations of second order, which describe propagation of electromagnetic wave in the periodic medium. Using these equations is conducted analysis of propagation of optical waves in not absorbing ambience, refraction coefficient of which along certain direction is described by quasiperiodic function.
The sensor described here enables measurement of temperature avoiding semiconductor-fiber coupling losses as we have in conventional fiberoptic temperature sensor. Response time of the sensor increases and it is rugged and inexpensive.
The hybrid optical-digital joint transform correlator (HJTC) experimental setup was created. The minimum focal length of a Fourier lens in the joint Fourier transform processor (JFTP) was found. The procedure of the transformed phase mask (PM) identification in the HJTC was represented. A several modifications of the setup with different effective focal length of the JFTP were used for investigations of transformed PMs. The peak-to-noise ratio (PNR) for each correlation peak in the first diffraction order of the output correlation signal was selected as the objective criterion of the transformed PM identification performance. The performance of the transformed PMs identification in the HJTC was studied. The dependencies PNR versus effective focal length of a JFTP were analyzed. The influence of the CCD-camera recording aperture relative dimensions on degradation of correlation peaks was studied.
Theoretical calculations provided for further elaboration of sensitive elements for fiberoptic sensors of physical values are stated at present paper. Technological possibilities of such element creation and their further application are considered. Theoretical analysis shown that reflection coefficient from fiber cladding gratings is balanced with different types of gratings because of possibility of creation of considerable equivalent periodical change of refractive index, though optical wave amplitude on the fiber cladding less than on the fiber core. Fiber cladding gratings can be formed by holographic method using photosensitive medium and blue-green lasers. The case of corrugated boundary between fiber core and cladding or between fiber cladding and external medium, for e.g. water contaminated by particles of heavy metals, which have influence on refractive index and absorption of waves in fiber is possible.
The security verification method using a transform random phase mask as an optical mark bonded to a document or other product is proposed. This mask consists of separated and shifted fragments of a reference phase mask. If the transformed and the reference masks are entered into an optical correlator, the autocorrelation peaks series is produced on the correlator output. The distances between peaks and the peak intensities were used to produce the feature vector. Identification of the document or other product takes place if the feature vector and the reference feature vector coincide. The procedure of the transformed mask generation and the process of the peaks' producing in a conventional joint transform correlator were considered. The advantages of transformed mask applications in optical correlators are discussed. The joint transform correlator experimental setup containing the spatial light modulator PRIZ was designed and the optimal conditions to produce the autocorrelation peaks were found.
Some of the optical devices work on the basis of light extension in the dielectric environment with refractive index as a periodical function. The following devices belongs to such class: interference filters on reflection, deep holograms, optic waveguides with Bragg gratings imprinted in the fiber core, etc. Interference filters belong to the classic optical devices and are well known. Deep holograms have no wide application at present time except holographic optic elements, and are studied for the application in holographic memory devices with high density of recording and storage of information in the volume unit of storage environment. Optical fibers with Bragg gratings wide created and applied in 1992 - 1997 now find their application in sensors, in-line Bragg reflectors, optical amplifiers, filters, laser sources, etc. But on the RC dependence on wave length spectrum we can see side maximums near the main one. Amplitude of these side tops is less than main top. These tops will deteriorate optical characteristics of devices because they become noise sources. Question arises: can we remove or decrease essentially their amplitude? In the theory of filters on the surface acoustic waves where we met the same problem this question was solved by the way of electrodes apodization. It was to be expected that provided apodization of space grating will show the same results. Under space grating apodization we understand that grating amplitude is not stable but changes according to the definite functional dependence along one of the axis.
The input image phase encoding method is utilized for identification of random binary phase masks (RBPM) and their separated fragments with a joint transform correlator (JTC). Equations for a joint power spectrum of a reference RBPM and its separated fragment and for a fragment's autocorrelation function produced in a JTC are obtained. Dependences between separated mask's fragment parameters and autocorrelation output signals are determined. Equations for autocorrelation peaks coordinates definition at a JTC output plane are found. Computer simulations of a mask's fragments autocorrelation functions are carried out. Influence of a mask and a fragments dimensions on output autocorrelation and sidelobe peaks is studied on a base of obtained results. Algorithm for realization of a code identification by a JTC with a phase-encoded input is proposed
The spatial light modulators (SLM) with inside degenerative feedback are described in the work. This feedback is realized by IR extinction of the photoconductivity because of the light falling from the reader beam on the photoconductor that is modulated by the intensity in the correlation with the input image. It is demonstrated in theory that the SLM parameters are improved by degenerative feedback. Basically the characteristics of the output image are determined by the parameters of the input image and do not depend from the intensity of the light reader beam and supplemented voltage practically.
The model of the real-time scale-rotation invariant joint transform correlator (JTC) was proposed. The pattern recognition algorithm realized by this correlator was developed. The information-dynamic characteristics of the JTC's input device contained the TV-tube and the joined liquid crystal spatial light modulator are studied. The experimental setup of the JTC for binary image recognition was created. The optimum working modes of the constructed correlator were found. The possibilities of the JTC's experimental setup for the finger-print pattern recognition were investigated.
The analysis of the random binary phase mask's (RBPM) power spectrum and correlation functions was carried out. The equations for correlation functions and correlation peaks of the RBPM at the output plane of the coherent optical correlator are obtained. Narrowing of the RBPM's correlation peaks to the sizes of the RBMS pixels is studied. The level of background noise surrounding the correlation peak is estimated and the signal-to-noise ratio is defined. The decoding (recognition) probability of the arbitrary RBPM or the phase-encoded image in the coherent optical correlator is evaluated. The joint transform correlator (JTC) with a liquid crystal spatial light modulator placed in the spectral plane of the JTC was created for experimental proving of obtained results. The sufficient increase of the phase-encoded images correlation peaks in this JTC was observed and explained. Supposition about phase encoding of images in retina of a biological vision system for explanation of high recognition ability of vital organisms is proposed.
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