The paper considers aspects of an experimental research of the inhomogeneity of the spatial distribution of the absolute sensitivity of multielement photodetectors based on CCD and CMOS structures. The relevance of this research is associated with the need to calibrate optical radiation photodetectors in high-precision instruments to achieve specified measurements, recognition or measurement of parameters of objects of observation. Accuracy distributions on the photosensitive matrix working area are obtained, which make it possible to simplify the geometric distortion correction algorithm, improve the calibration scheme, and reduce the load on the digital processor. In this work, the choice is substantiated and a scheme of the installation is proposed for conducting experimental researches of the spread in the sensitivity of the photodetector at the working site. The results obtained in the course of the research can be used in the calibration of multi-element optical photodetectors to take into account the influence of the uniformity of their sensitivity over the site, in measurements during digital image processing.
Spectral methods for the detection and analysis of ionizing radiation sources are widely used in many fields of science and technology. Ecology, geology and mineralogy, metallurgy and the chemical industry, the oil industry and medicine - this is not the whole list of areas where the gamma-ray spectrometer acts as an independent software and hardware tool. Scintillation spectrometers are used to monitor the radiation environment, to search for sources of ionizing radiation, tomography and much more. However, this method is based on the use of vacuum photoelectronic multipliers (PMTs), which complicates the use of devices in the field. This article presents an analysis of gamma-ray scintillation spectrometers built on the basis of silicon photoelectronic multipliers (SiPM). The fields of application of field gamma spectrometers are considered and the basic requirements that the devices must meet to ensure the successful solution of the tasks are determined. The basic principles of the development of field scintillation gamma spectrometers that take into account the processes and transformations of the optical range radiation inside the detector are described. Moreover, the article describes personal experience in the development of an experimental sample of a field gamma spectrometer based on SiPM. In this article, the use of field device refers to any use outside of laboratory conditions.
Currently, optical methods for diagnosing skin are becoming more common and are widely used in medicine. The spread of optical methods is explained by the safety of the application and the ability to non-invasively obtain a number of parameters in real time. The use of optical radiation allows to obtain information about the structure and composition of the skin, to study the processes occurring in biotissue without adverse effects. The use of optical radiation in accordance with the diagnostic windows of the transmission of the skin allows you to explore deep-lying structures. Despite the proliferation of optical methods for diagnosing the skin, a dermatologist is not always able to correctly assess the state of the neoplasm. This is due to the lack of extensive practical experience with neoplasms, insufficient information content of the research method, complexity of neoplasm classification. The development of optical diagnostic methods will allow a person to be protected from the development of malignant pathologies. In order to improve the quality of diagnosis of skin pathologies for safe human life, the development of a test bench for the study of the surface layers of the skin is relevant.
This paper is devoted to the research of solid-state matrix photomultiplier’s polarization-optical parameters. Maim parameters of SiPM detectors depend on photodetector’s sensitivity. As an object of study, a silicon photomultiplier ARRAY-C 60035-4P was chosen. Detector consists of 4 photosensitive sites. SiPM contains avalanche photodiodes separated from each other by elements that do not participate in the formation of the useful signal and are used for pacifying secondary optical signal. In this work experimental studies of the state of radiation’s polarization reflected from the surface of SiPM matrix’s active regions are performed using ellipsometer LEF-3F-1. The methodic used is a zero method of determining the polarization angles. During experiment the contractions of ellipsometric angles were determined. The experiment was carried out at four angles of incidence on the surface of the receiver, which corresponds to a set of reflective characteristics of a silicon photoelectric multiplier. Using this data, the estimation of distribution of the reflection and transmission coefficients becomes possible, as well as the sensitivity distribution over the different sites of the SiPM.
This work discusses coded aperture functioning in the visible spectral range. A MURA coded aperture was implemented using laser ablation by evaporation of titanium film from a transparent substrate. The optimal laser parameters to make a high-contrast aperture are shown. The paper also present an algorithm based on periodic correlation which has been developed for image reconstruction. Experiments were carried out with the aperture of rank 37 with a minimal element of 130 μm. The images obtained during the experiment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed aperture implementation method and the developed image processing algorithm.
Research is conducted in the field of food freshness control. The research object is a sample of meat product. A variant of the investigation of meat samples using a polarimetric method is proposed. It includes the illumination of a sample by polarized radiation with a given state of polarization, the registration of this radiation after passing through the object of investigation and analysis of its polarization parameters. It is supposed that it is possible to conduct experimental tests and mathematical modeling of the processes that are taking place. To accomplish this, it is necessary to study the features of the investigation object structure, which is a turbid, highly scattering medium. The use of the polarimetric method becomes possible due to the presence in the biotissue of anisotropic structures. Taking into account the structure of a meat product flat sample, it is proposed to represent it in the form of a set of plane-parallel plates having different parameters. During the research modeling of radiation passage through a plane sample of muscle tissue was carried out, the degree of polarization at the output of the system was obtained. In addition, a model of the setup has been developed, which makes it possible to evaluate the Stokes vector of output emission experimentally.
In this paper, a weather phenomenon called a hurricane is considered. Major components areconsidered and selected. After the analysis of the components, the indicator substances are chosen, according to which the detection of the incipient phenomenon will be carried out in the future. The method of remote sensing is considered for detecting small concentrations of indicator substances in the air. The sounding area is chosen to study the atmosphere for the presence of indicator substances. The results of calculating the backscattering power for some indicator substances are presented, depending on the range.
The work is devoted to the research of the polarization-optical parameters of a solid-state matrix photomultiplier. The main parameters of the performance of the SiPM form from the sensitivity of the photodetector. As an object of study, a silicon photomultiplier ARRAY-C 60035-4P was chosen, which consists of 4 photosensitive sites. The pixels of the SiPM are avalanche photodiodes that are separated from each other by elements that do not participate in the formation of the useful signal and serve to suppress the secondary optical signal due to the optical coupling between. In this paper, experimental studies of the state of polarization reflected from the surface of each of the active regions of the matrix of a silicon photomultiplier are performed using a laser photoelectric ellipsometer LEF-3F-1. The action of the ellipsometer is based on the zero method of determining the polarization angles. In the course of the experiment the contractions of ellipsometric angles were determined. The experiment was carried out at four angles of incidence on the surface of the receiver, which corresponds to a set of reflective characteristics of a silicon photoelectric multiplier. With the help of these data, the estimation of the distribution of the reflection and transmission coefficients becomes possible, as well as the sensitivity distribution over the different sites of the SiPM.
Nowadays skin pathology detection on early stages is one of the progressive directions in medicine. Optical diagnostics methods allow to obtain data on skin's structure and composition,to examine biotissue processes without any negative impact on skin. Polarization diagnostics methods are very perspective. They are of interest due to biotissue-scattered optical fields polarization characteristics' high sensitivity to the structural features and physiological status of the study object. Implementation of quantitative ellipsometry in turbid media eventually can provide qualitatively new results with studies of the tissue's morphological and functional state which relate to the most important directions of today medical diagnostics. As a result development of theoretical and practical aspects of optically heterogeneous biological structures and polarized radiation interaction while solving the tasks of non-invasive rapid medical objects' state control is considered to be of current interest for improving of skin formation detection quality. The purpose of this study is to develop a stand for in vivo skin state examination by scattering ellipsometry with a help of studying of anisotropic skin environment influence on the polarization state evolution of the radiation propagating in this skin.The possibility of implementation the method of quantitative ellipsometry for in vivo skin's optical anisotropy and structural heterogeneity studies is shown. The Mueller matrix algebra is used for describing polarization properties of the depolarizing opticallyactive biotissue medium. A setup for recording the polarization state of the backscattered radiation was designed based on a comparative analysis of the technical options and their application in experiments with biotissue. To have a uniform intensity distribution along the cross section of the input radiation beam, and also to form the polarization states necessary for the study, using the emitting channel of the LEF-3 ellipsometer in the optical scheme of the stand is proposed. The choice of the radiation source wavelength in the spectral range (He-Ne laser, 632 nm) is justified, in which radiation scattering in turbid biological media predominates over absorption, which makes it possible to tell about the sample structural parameters by changing output radiation polarization state. The receiving channel of the output polarization state analyzer was designed, which contains based on a color matrix sensor with a unified analysis field video information block, that allows further multispectral studying of the skin surface structure. The method of a skin ellipsometric examination based on the distribution visualization of the polarization state parameters along the cross section of the output radiation beam and on its subsequent analysis is proposed. For image processing and calculation of the sample polarization characteristics an algorithm and software are developed with a Python language. In the backscattering mode of probing laser radiation the distributions of the skin sector containing scar structures polarization characteristics are obtained.
Within the framework of the project, substances are indicators. It is these substances that are the main constituents of a watery suspension found on the surface of Mars. According to the conducted researches, the spectral region for the study of indicator substances was chosen. The method of remote sensing of the surface and the lidar construction scheme are chosen. The results of the preliminary calculation of the system are presented.
The paper is about field and special methods of radiation terrain mapping with the identification of their distinctive features, advantages and disadvantages of each of them. The applicability of methods in various situations of radiation contamination is shown. An analysis of sources of radioactive radiation and of the situation of radiation contamination in Russia has been carried out. Different detectors of ionizing radiation are compared. It is proved that SiPM combines high performance and operational characteristics most effectively, making it possible to use it in a gamma spectrometer for any type of radiation mapping.
In this paper we show, how different optical elements affect the polarization state. We show it on the examples of elementary optical elements, such as refracting and reflecting surfaces and an anisotropic waveplate, and more complex elements: a plane-parallel plate, a Dove prism, a spherical lens, an image sensor. The method of considering the calculated influence on the example of Stokes polarimetry is also shown.
The main aspect in developing methods for optical diagnostics and visualization of biological tissues using polarized radiation is the transformation analysis of the state of light polarization when it is scattered by the medium. The polarization characteristic spatial distributions of the detected scattered radiation, in particular the degree of depolarization, have a pronounced anisotropy. The presence of optical anisotropy can provide valuable additional information on the structural features of the biological object and its physiological status. Analysis of the polarization characteristics of the scattered radiation of biological tissues in some cases provides a qualitatively new results in the study of biological samples. These results can be used in medicine and food industry.
The work is devoted to ellipsometric investigation of the structured reflecting surface of a matrix sensor. By the
generalized scheme of ellipsometry, the optical and geometric parameters of the layers of the matrix receiver can be
determined. These parameters include the thickness and refractive index. Ellipsometric angles were determined using
the ellipsometer. They are used as input data in the inverse ellipsometry problem. After determining the thickness and
refractive indices of the sensor layers, it is possible to calculate its transmittance.When this indicator is known ,the
sensitivity of the receiver can be calculated at the certain point. In this work the algorithm of the calculation of the
sensitivity of a matrix receiver of optical radiation is described ,the input data in this algorithm are considered to be the
ellipsometric angles.
Design of approaches and methods of the oncological diseases diagnostics has special significance. It allows determining any kind of tumors at early stages. The development of optical and laser technologies provided increase of a number of methods allowing making diagnostic studies of oncological diseases. A promising area of biomedical diagnostics is the development of automated nondestructive testing systems for the study of the skin polarizing properties based on backscattered radiation detection. Specification of the examined tissue polarizing properties allows studying of structural properties change influenced by various pathologies. Consequently, measurement and analysis of the polarizing properties of the scattered optical radiation for the development of methods for diagnosis and imaging of skin in vivo appear relevant. The purpose of this research is to design the algorithm of photons migration in the multilayer skin structure. In this research, the algorithm of photons migration in the multilayer skin structure was designed. It is based on the use of the Monte Carlo method. Implemented Monte Carlo method appears as a tracking the paths of photons experiencing random discrete direction changes before they are released from the analyzed area or decrease their intensity to negligible levels. Modeling algorithm consists of the medium and the source characteristics generation, a photon generating considering spatial coordinates of the polar and azimuthal angles, the photon weight reduction calculating due to specular and diffuse reflection, the photon mean free path definition, the photon motion direction angle definition as a result of random scattering with a Henyey-Greenstein phase function, the medium’s absorption calculation. Biological tissue is modeled as a homogeneous scattering sheet characterized by absorption, a scattering and anisotropy coefficients.
Within the framework of the project, substances are indicators. It is these substances that are the main constituents of a watery suspension found on the surface of Mars. According to the conducted researches, the spectral region for the study of indicator substances was chosen. The method of remote sensing of the surface and the lidar construction scheme are chosen. The results of the preliminary calculation of the system are presented.
In the framework of the project, substances are indicators, which are the main constituents of a watery suspension found on the surface of Mars. According to the conducted researches, the spectral region for the study of indicator substances was chosen. The method of remote sensing of the surface and the lidar construction scheme are chosen. The results of the preliminary calculation of the system are presented.
Analysis of the polarization characteristics of the scattered radiation of biological tissues in some cases provides a
qualitatively new results in the study of biological samples. These results can be used in medicine and food industry. As
a result of the work, it was determined that the high concentration of scattering particles, the nonuniformity of their
dimensions, forms make the task of creating an adequate optical model of a biotissue quite difficult, though many
interesting tissue properties can be potentially studied by means of polarized light. In this case, the method for control
the freshness of meat samples is considered for by obtaining the Stokes parameters of the polarized radiation scattered
forward by the meat product.
The work is dedicated to the ellipsometric research of the pixel transparent structure within the matrix receiver of the optical radiation. The receiver consists of the four transparent layers ( for the colour sensor) and the three layers ( for the black-and-white sensor). Also the work concerns the measuring of the ellipsometric radiation options reflected from the surface layers of the sensitive element; in addition the work is about the receiving of the entering data to solve the inverse ellipsometric problem and the geometrical and optical calculation of the options of the multilayer structure. The diven work presents the iterative algorithm to solve the inverse ellipsometric problem, the method of the experimental researching and the measuring results of the polarization characteristics of the reflected radiation in according to the inside and the outside samples’ options.
The paper deals with influence of orientation of matrix detector relative to incident light on its sensitivity area from the viewpoint of polarization. The calculation algorithm based on Jones matrix formalism is presented. The results obtained with calculations and experiment with Stokes polarimeter are shown.
The research of changes of the parameters for the polarized radiation output anisotropic linear phase-shifting elements, with their minor collimation turns about the source of spatial orientation in the optical scheme of measuring polarization device, is performed. Comparative analysis of the polarization and energy parameters of the radiation output retards of crystalline silica, magnesium fluoride, and polyvinyl alcohol are accomplished. The dependencies of changes of the ellipticity and azimuth of the output radiation, as well as the transmission coefficient of the phase plate with the changing spatial orientation from the hade on refracting side and azimuth of linearly polarized radiation at its input are considered.
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