Qualifications of intracellular structure were performed for the first time using the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) method for images of cells obtained by resolution-enhanced photothermal imaging. The GLCM method has been used to extract five parameters of texture features for five different types of cells in mouse brain; pyramidal neurons and glial cells in the basal nucleus (BGl), dentate gyrus granule cells, cerebellar Purkinje cells, and cerebellar granule cells. The parameters are correlation, contrast, angular second moment (ASM), inverse difference moment (IDM), and entropy for the images of cells of interest in a mouse brain. The parameters vary depending on the pixel distance taken in the analysis method. Based on the obtained results, we identified that the most suitable GLCM parameter is IDM for pyramidal neurons and BGI, granule cells in the dentate gyrus, Purkinje cells and granule cells in the cerebellum. It was also found that the ASM is the most appropriate for neurons in the basal nucleus.
Simultaneous two-color subtraction microscopy using mode multiplexing is realized experimentally. The samples are irradiated with single laser diode at wavelength of 445 nm. Then the beam split laser spots generate separate solid and donut spatial modes and are multiplexed with modulators for simultaneous excitation. The produced fluorescence signals are back collected and further divided into two color bands with dichroic mirrors. Then they are detected with two photomultipliers and demultiplexed in four lock-in amplifiers. Four fluorescence images are recorded in every scan and resolution enhanced images are obtained in two color channels after applying the subtraction strategy. With this method, imaging results of microspheres stained with organic dyes and mesenteric lymph nodes of a mouse labeled with quantum dots (Q525/650) are realized. Improvement of 20% ~ 30% in resolving power of the two color channels compared with confocal microscopy is achieved in with corresponding subtraction factor of about 0.3.
UV femtosecond laser pulse was used to excite the ultrafast carrier dynamics inside the Al2O3/SiO2
high reflective mirror. Spectral shift between two different laser induced free electron absorption bands
was observed. The former one centered at 406 nm undergo a fast decay of ~2.6 ps and a longer one of
~15 ps. Accompanied by the fast decay of the first absorption band, a new absorption band centered at
396 nm grew around ~2.8 ps after the laser excitation. The probable explanation the observed spectral
shift of the free electron absorption band is that, the free carrier in the Al3O2 conductive band was
trapped into some kind of defect state, which has an absorption peak at 396 nm, at a time scale of ~2.8
ps. Since the defect state has much longer lifetime than the initial generated free carriers in thee
conductive band, probably under the condition of ultrafast high-frequency pulsed UV laser exposure,
the incubation effect will decrease the laser damage threshold of the subsequent laser pulses.
Using 9 fs UV laser pulses, laser induced ultrafast dynamics in fused silica is investigated in the present study. The free
carrier dynamics under few-cycle UV laser excitation far below laser damage threshold in the fused silica was studied.
After laser excitation, free carrier in the conductive band is found to turn into self-trapped excitons within about 300fs. It
is possible that the trapped exciton will result in the incubation effect under the condition of ultrafast high-frequency
pulsed UV laser exposure.
The laser induced ultrafast dynamics in fused silica under few-cycle UV laser excitation is investigated in the present study. Using sub-10 fs UV laser pulses, we characterize the free carrier dynamics in the fused silica before laser damage. After laser excitation, free carrier in the conductive band is found to turn into self-trapped excitons within about 300fs. It is possible that the trapped exciton will result in the incubation effect under the condition of ultrafast high-frequency pulsed UV laser exposure.
C. Luo, H.-J. Chen, H. J. Wang, S. A. Ku, K. H. Wu, T. M. Uen, J. Y. Juang, J.-Y. Lin, B. L. Young, T. Kobayashi, R. Sankar, F. C. Chou, H. Berger, G. D. Gu
Ultrafast dynamics of carriers and phonons in topological insulators CuxBi2Se3-y (x=0, 0.1, 0.125, y=0, 1) was studied using femtosecond optical pump-probe spectroscopy. One damped oscillation was clearly observed in the transient reflectivity changes (ΔR/R), which is assigned to the coherent optical phonon (A1g1). According to the red shift of A1g1 phonon frequency, the Cu atoms in CuxBi2Se3 crystals may predominantly intercalated between pair of the quintuple layers. Moreover, the carrier dynamics in the Dirac-cone surface state is significantly different from that in bulk state, which was investigated using optical pump mid-infrared (mid-IR) probe spectroscopy. The rising time and decay time of the negative component in ΔR/R, which is assigned to carrier relaxation in Dirac cone, is 1.62 ps and 20.5 ps, respectively.
Fast calculation of trapping force provides a more direct way for optimizing designs of optical systems which generate
optical traps. In this study, a graphic processing unit (GPU), NVIDIA GTX 275, is used to boost the speed of trapping
efficiency calculation under ray optics approximation. The codes of trapping efficiency calculation are implemented in
C++. The computing power of GPU is utilized through compute unified architecture device (CUDA) toolkit 4.0. The
computing speed is compared with that of central processing unit (CPU), Intel Core 2 Quad Q9550. Over 100x speedup
is achieved when single-precision floating-point numbers were used in the calculation.
We present a very simple and straightforward approach for the generation of broadband radiation in the visible region covering 397 to 529 nm by taking advantage of the angular dispersion of the broadband (0.8- to 1.6-µm) idler radiation of a Ti:sapphire second-harmonic (i.e., 395 nm)-pumped type I noncollinear optical parametric amplifier (NOPA). Type I broadband sum-frequency mixing (SFM) between the Ti:sapphire laser fundamental radiation (790 nm) and the octave-spanned carrier-envelope-phase (CEP)-locked idler radiation from a broadband NOPA is considered for generation of broadband radiation in several relatively recently developed borate crystals. Moreover, it is also shown that by applying simple SFM, it is possible to obtain a very large bandwidth in a 5-µm-thick crystal without requiring any angularly dispersed input radiation. Furthermore it is found that the performance of the most recently developed KBe2BO3F2 crystal is the best among all the available borate group crystals.
KEYWORDS: Personal digital assistants, Signal processing, Transmittance, Ultrafast laser spectroscopy, Absorption, Spectroscopy, Polymers, Modulation, Electro optic polymers, Solar thermal energy
In order to clarify the mechanism of ultrafast optical nonlinearity in polymer especially polydiacetylene real-time measurement of molecular vibration which can provide information of time-resolved structural changes associated with huge electronic spectral change was performed. Molecular vibration of several modes in blue-phase polydiacetylene-3-butoxycarbonylmethylurethane (PDA-3BCMU) was time resolved by 5-fs pump-probe measurement. The contributions of the vibrational wavepackets in the ground state and in the excited state in the signal were separated by multi-channel measurement. The C=C stretching mode in the ground state starts to oscillate π-out-of-phase with the C≡C stretching mode. The structure of PDA-3BCMU in the geometrically relaxed state is not pure butatriene-type but more like acetylene-type. The frequencies of C=C and C≡C stretching modes there were determined by singular value decomposition method to be 1472 ± 6 cm-1 and 2092 ± 6 cm-1, respectively. The double and triple bond stretching frequencies in the ground state which are 1463 ± 6 cm-1 and 2083 ± 6 cm-1, respectively. Frequencies of both modes are increased in the configuration after the geometrical relaxation after the generation in the excited state upon excitation.
KEYWORDS: Transmittance, Personal digital assistants, Absorption, Modulation, Spectroscopy, Solar thermal energy, Raman spectroscopy, Signal processing, Polymers, Electronics
Molecular vibration of several modes in blue-phase polydiacetylene-3- butoxycarbonylmethylurethane (PDA-3BCMU) was real-time observed by 5-fs pump-probe measurement. The contribution of the vibrational wavepackets in the ground state and in the ground state and in the excited state in the signal were separated by multi-channel measurement. The C=C stretching mode in the ground state starts to oscillate π-out-of-phase with the C≡C stretching mode. The structure of PDA-3BCMU in the geometrically relaxed state is not pure butatriene-type but more like acetylene-type. The frequencies of C=C and C≡C stretching modes there were determined by singular value decomposition method to be 1472 ± 6 cm-1 and 2092 ± 6 cm-1, respectively. The double and triple bond stretching frequencies in the ground state which are 1463 ± 6 cm-1 2083 ± 6 cm-1, respectively.
We predict and theoretically investigate the unique possibility to control distribution of ultrafast local optical fields in metallic nanosystems in space with nanometer resolution and in time on the femtosecond scale. While the spatial degrees of freedom of the optical radiation do not allow focusing of light on nanoscale, the temporal degrees of freedom, i.e., phases of excitation femtosecond pulses, are quite efficient functional degrees of freedom that permit one to coherently control the distribution of the energy of local fields, concentrating it at a desired location at certain times. We study both a specially designed V-shape nanostructure and a random planar nanocomposite. Several types of exciting pulses are investigated, which has allowed us to distinguish effects of phase modulation and spectral composition of the excitation pulse. Possible applications of this effect include energy supply and control of ultrafast optical computations in nanostructures, local optical probing of nanosystems, including nanosensors of chemical and biological agents, and nanomodification of surfaces (nano-lithography).
Transform-limited (TL) visible pulses with as short as sub-5-fs duration have been generated from a noncollinear optical parameteric amplifier and applied to the study of polyacetylene, polydiacetylene, azobenzene, and J-aggregates of porphyrin for optical devices. We also report the first direct observation of structural changes in a complex biological system, the chromophore of bacteriorihodopsin, as it undergoes the trans-cis photoisomerization by monitoring changes in the vibrational spectra of the transition state.
A micro PIV system has been developed as a new diagnostic tool for micro scale flow and applied to the measurement of microchannel flow. The micro PIV system employs the incident-light fluorescent microscope system and utilizes high-power pulsed Nd:YAG lasers, a high-resolution CCD camera and 1 μm diameter fluorescent tracer particles. The velocity distributions of pressure-driven flow and pressure- and electrokinetically-driven flow in a microchannel were measured using the micro PIV system and the visualization of flow fields in a microchannel was demonstrated.
We present photo- and electro-luminescence, and hole mobility measurements of carbazole (Cz) substituted polyacetylene (PA-Cz) and poly(diphenylacetylene) (PDPA-Cz). The photoluminescence (PL) of the interband transition in PA-Cz thin film is quenched. PDPA-Cz shows a green-yellow emission with a PL efficiency about 30 percent of the interband transition. The hole mobility of PDPA-Cz is determined to be approximately 10 7 cm2/Vs and the ionization energy is 5.3 eV. PDPA-Cz forms robust thin films and is thermally stable up to 470 degrees C. For a structure of ITO/PDPA-Cz/Alq(tris(8-quinolinolato) aluminum)/MgAg EL quantum efficiency over 1 percent is achieved.
In the present paper the following subjects are discussed about conjugated polymers: the first is a model of the relaxation of excitons, the second is the Raman spectrum of the excitons with 1 ps lifetime, and the third is the optical Stark effect of the Raman gain spectrum. (1) The decay kinetics of self-trapped (ST) excitons in 1D conjugated polymers were explained with a model in which potential crossing and tunneling between two potential curves of the ST exciton and the ground state are the major processes in the relaxation. The weak temperature dependence indicates that the activation process over the potential barrier between the ST exciton and the ground state is not dominant in the radiationless relaxation of the ST exciton. (2) Geometrical relaxation of main chain configuration in PDA was also investigated by time- resolved Raman gain spectroscopy was 300 fs resolution which is the highest time resolution of the vibrational spectrum ever reported. The Raman signal due to the ST exciton in PDA was observed at 1200 cm-1. The observed Raman signals offer most direct evidence of the structure of ST exciton being butatriene-like structure after geometrical relaxation from acetylene-like structure in free exciton state. (3) The stimulated Raman gain signals of a single-crystal PDA-DFMP, with the sidegroups 2,5-bis trifluoromethyl-phenyl, were reported to exhibit an optical Stark shift of about 50 cm-1. Using an ultrashort, near-resonant high intensity laser, the intensity dependent signal shifts to higher probe photon energies for both the CequalsC and CequalsC stretching modes. Semi- quantitative agreement between the data and a 3-level system density matrix calculation is achieved using a nonlinear optical mechanism in which a pump laser field is optically coupled to both the exciton--zero-phonon ground state and the exciton--one-phonon ground state transitions.
Time-resolved difference absorption spectra of J-aggregates in ethyleneglycol/water glass were measured by femtosecond pump- probe spectroscopy. the induced absorption near the J-band at 20 K was assigned to the transitions from n-exciton states to (n + 1)-exciton states (n >= 1). The decay time of the n(>= 2)-exciton states is determined to be about 200 fs. For applications of the J-aggregates as nonlinear optical deices, we present a new fabrication method, called vertical spin-coating, to prepare highly oriented 1D J-aggregates dispersed in polymer films. The films are stable even at room temperature. Linear dichroic spectra of the oriented J-aggregate of 1,1'-diethyl- 2,2'-quinocyanine bromide were measured. The dichroic ratio at the peak of J-band was 5 to 10, depending on the preparation conditions. Precise measurement of the dichroism at the J-band revealed that the J-band is composed of two bands with transition dipole moment perpendicular to each other. Large change in a static dipole moment upon electronic excitation was unexpectedly observed in the oriented J-aggregates by electromodulation spectroscopy. The difference absorption spectra due to the Kerr effect were induced by changes in a static dipole moment and a polarizability. The change in the static dipole moment associated with the transition from the ground state to the exciton state were measured with the applied AC field of Hz and the polarization parallel and perpendicular to the 1D axis of the oriented J-aggregates.
The nonlinear optical properties of organics with unsaturated bonds are compared with those of inorganics including semiconductors and dielectrics. Experimental results of ultrafast nonlinear response of conjugated polymers, especially polydiacetylenes, are described and a model is proposed to explain the relaxation processes of photoexcitations in the conjugated polymers. Applying the model constructed on the basis of the extensive experimental study, we propose polymers to obtain ultrafast resonant optical nonlinearity. This paper also reports the first observation of the excitonic superradiance from CdS micro crystallites. We developed a new method to prepare CdS microcrystallites embedded in polymer films, which shows enhanced band-edge emission due to the direct recombination of an exciton in the microcrystallite.
For the first time, we have investigated the manyfold symmetry of (100)-cut silicon single crystals with degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM). Amplified CPM laser pulses with 90 fs duration and 100 MW peak power at 7 kHz repetition rate and 620 nm wavelength were used as excitation. The DFWM signal was detected in the forward (almost phasematched) geometry while the crystal was rotated around an axis perpendicular to its surface (i.e. to the (100) crystal plane). The anisotropy of the silicon was determined as cr=Xd/Xiiii =0.24+0.02 from the rotational angle - intensity curves at X=620 nm. The time resolved pump-and-probe type experiments showed, that the anisotropy of the DFWM signal changed within 25 fs. The dependence of the DFWM process on the polarization conditions was found to be the same as the theoretical prediction".
The mechanism of the ultrafast nonlinear optical responses in several conjugated polymers was studied by pump-probe experiment using a femtosecond laser. The temporal response of the optical nonlinearity of conjugated polymers with large third-order susceptibility was studied and mechanisms of coherent and incoherent nonlinear processes were clarified.
Ultrafast optical response in several polydiacetylenes (PDAs) with different side-groups and morphologies has been investigated by femtosecond absorption spectroscopy. Several nonlinear optical processes, i.e., excitonic absorption saturation, hole burning, Raman gain, inverse Raman scattering, optical Stark effect, and induced-phase modulation, have been observed and the mechanisms are discussed. The relaxation from photoexcited free excitons to self-trapped excitons (STEs) has been observed in both blue- and red-phase PDAs. The time constant is estimated as 100 - 150 fs. The decay of STEs in the blue-phase PDAs is nearly exponential with time constant of about 1.5 ps at 290 K and about 2.0 ps at 10 K. The decay curve in the red-phase PDAs substantially deviates from exponential function. It is fitted phenomenologically to biexponential functions with time constants of slightly shorter than 1 ps and about 5 - 10 ps. These two time constants correspond to relaxations to the ground state, respectively, from the unthermalized (hot) STE and from the thermalized STE.
The molecular design and assembly of metallophthalocyanine systems that have the enhanced macroscopic third-order nonlinear susceptibility (chi) (3)ijkl(-(omega) 4; (omega) 1, (omega) 2, (omega) 3) and show ultrafast responses are described. Enhancement of the third harmonic susceptibility (chi) (3)1111(-3(omega) ; (omega) , (omega) , (omega) ) was observed in vanadyl phthalocyanine vacuum-deposited film with the staggered stacking arrangement induced by thermal treatment. Processable polymeric system based on tert-butyl mono-substituted rich vanadyl phthalocyanine was developed and the favorable staggered stacking arrangement was induced in a polymer matrix to enhance (chi) (3)1111(- 3(omega) ;(omega) ,(omega) ,(omega) ). Femtosecond-time-resolved spectroscopy was performed on vanadyl phthalocyanine thin films with different morphological forms in order to elucidate the exciton dynamics. The exciton decay kinetics consists of three processes: exciton-exciton annihilation, exciton-phonon coupling, and much slower triplet state formation. The decay rate of the exciton population via exciton-exciton annihilation was found to have a time dependence of t-1/2. The vacuum-deposited film and spin-coated film of vanadyl phthalocyanine derivatives showed similar decay behavior, whereas molecular beam epitaxy film showed a faster decay with a time constant of several hundreds of femtoseconds.
Newly synthesized polymer ion-dye complexes, poly-(2-acrylamide-2- methylpropanesulfonic acid) (AMPS)-hemicyanines (HC-1, 2), are investigated by the electroabsorption. The relation between (chi) i(3)(-(omega);(omega),0,0) and (chi) (3)(-3(omega);(omega),(omega),(omega)) is compared with a three-level model. Good agreement between the estimation and the experimental results of the third harmonic measurements is obtained.
The femtosecond absorption spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin was studied in the wide spectral region (450 - 900 nm) and the primary photoprocesses of the neutral purple form and the acidic blue form were compared. At neutral pH the stimulated emission at 860 urn and the excited state absorption at 480 tim decayed synchronously with a time constant of 500 fs. Thus we obtained a conclusive support for previous assignments of the transient species ''460'' being the S1 state in hR568. At acidic pH the decay kinetics of the stimulated emission at 6O nm and the excited state absorption at 480 nm were described with two time constants 1. 5 0. 2 ps and 8. 6 0. 9 ps. These two components are presumably due to the two bR isomers that exist in the blue form. Even at acidic pH no clear time-dependent oscillatory behavior was found in the stimulated emission or excited state absorption. This result shows that the isomerization around C1C14 of the retinal molecule in the S1 state is described by the over-damped oscillation. That is the isomerization angle varies only monotonously in the S1 state. 1.
The planar niicrolens (PML) is a 2-D integrated niicrolens array fabricated by
the ion-exchange technique. This paper demonstrates light coupling between LD and
optcal fiber using the planar inicrolens. In oder to accept the light power from LD
effctively, two classes of High NA planar inicrolens are prepared. A coupled planar
inicrolens and new planar inicrolens with swelled structure are evaluated. The minimum
coulping loss between LD and single mode fiber was - 5.3 dB using planar muicrolens
with the swelled stuctre. (Including 0. 71 dB of Fresnel loss)
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