Due to the increasing demand for storage capacity in various electronic gadgets like mobile phones or tablets, new types of non-volatile memory devices have gained a lot of attention over the last few years. Especially multilevel conductance switching elements based on organic semiconductors are of great interest due to their relatively simple device architecture and their small feature size.
Since organic semiconductors combine the electronic properties of inorganic materials with the mechanical characteristics of polymers, this class of materials is suitable for solution based large area device preparation techniques. Consequently, inkjet based deposition techniques are highly capable of facing preparation related challenges. By gradually replacing the evaporated electrodes with inkjet printed silver, the preparation related influence onto device performance parameters such as the ON/OFF ratio was investigated with IV measurements and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Due to the electrode surface roughness the solvent load during the printing of the top electrode as well as organic layer inhomogeneity’s the utilization in array applications is hampered. As a prototypical example a 1diode-1resistor element and a 2×2 subarray from 5×5 array matrix were fully characterized demonstrating the versatility of inkjet printing for device preparation.
The increasing quest to find lightweight, conformable or flexible image detectors for machine vision or medical imaging brings organic electronics into the spotlight for these fields of application. Here were we introduce a unique imaging device concept and its utilization in an organic, flexible detector array with simple passive matrix wiring. We present a flexible organic image detector array built up from non-volatile resistive multi-bit photo-switchable elements. This unique realization is based on an organic photodiode combined with an organic resistive memory device wired in a simple crossbar configuration. The presented concept exhibits significant advantages compared to present organic and inorganic detector array technologies, facilitating the detection and simultaneous storage of the image information in one detector pixel, yet also allowing for simple read-out of the information from a simple passive-matrix crossbar wiring. This concept is demonstrated for single photo-switchable pixels as well as for arrays with sizes up to 32 by 32 pixels (1024 bit). The presented results pave the way for a versatile flexible and easy-to-fabricate sensor array technology. In a final step, the concept was expanded to detection of x-rays.
Using a so called pulsetrode concept and two identical ion selective electrodes (ISEs), the concentration of alkali metal ions can be measured without using a reference electrode. This measurement method was demonstrated recently, using all organic ISEs which have been fabricated by simplest means on a plain sheet of paper. Though, this low-cost, all organic ion sensing platform exhibited excellent stability over three months, it required a time consuming conditioning prior to measurement (>1 h). Here, we present a new measurement method which employs a square wave current rather than a single current pulse which is followed by a long regeneration time. This method reduces the conditioning time to 6 minutes, using the same low-cost sensing platform. Furthermore, after the initial conditioning, a quasi continuous measurement is possible. Additionally, using ISEs with different surface areas, a low-cost and simple threshold sensor is demonstrated.
Herein we report on the fabrication and the properties of two highly efficient blue light emitting multilayer polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs). The first device structure combines a thermally stabilized polymer with a material processed from an orthogonal solvent, allowing for the fabrication of a triple layer structure from solution. The well known poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene-co-N-(4-butylphenyl)-diphenylamine) (TFB), which can be stabilized in a bake-out procedure, was used as a hole transporting layer. A novel pyrene – triphenylamine (PPyrTPA) copolymer was used as emissive layer. The stack was finalized by a poly(fluorene) - derivative with polar side-chains, therefore being soluble in a polar solvent which allows for the deposition onto PPyrTPA without redissolving. The resulting PLED showed bright-blue electroluminescence (CIE1931 coordinates x=0.163; y=0.216) with a high efficiency of 1.42 cd/A and a peak luminescence of 16500 cd/m². The second presented device configuration comprises a thermally stabilized indenofluorene – triphenylamine copolymer acting as hole transporter, and an emissive copolymer with building blocks specifically designed for blue light emission, effective charge carrier injection and transport as well as for exciton generation. This multilayer PLED led to deep-blue emission (CIE1931 x=0.144; y=0.129) with a remarkably high device efficiency of 9.7 cd/A. Additionally, atomic force microscopy was carried out to investigate the film morphology of the components of the stack and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy was performed to ensure a full coverage of the materials on top of each other. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy confirmed the desired type-II band level offsets on the individual interfaces.
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