We present a novel design for an electrically tunable focus (ETF) FZP lens device in a dielectric medium. This metal lens benefits from SPP enhancement in addition to ETF properties . These devices are fabricated using a simplified one-step direct laser writing (DLW) process that exploits photoreduction in a transparent metal salt enriched growth medium. The setup uses 800 nm MaiTai laser with a 90 fs laser pulse. Few mw pulses are focused using high NA objective on a sample mounted on a high resolution 3D stage. This device shows immense potential in various fields, including micro/nano photonics, machine vision, and AR/VR applications.
Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) have a number of advantages over refractive or reflective optical elements, including improved dispersion, wider profile tolerances, and greater design freedom. A critical DOE, the Fresnel zone plate (FZP) is widely used in a variety of optical systems, including nano/micro focusing lenses, X-ray imaging, and beam shaping. Optics research on tunable functional devices has a long history of being an enticing field, having a significant impact on the evolution of optical information technology and photonic integrated circuits. The active-spiral Fresnel zone plate (ASFZP), the nanoscale polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (LC) tunable Fresnel lens, and the tunable spiralized Fresnel zone plate are all examples of tunable zone plates. All previously described tunable zone plates achieve tunability by modifying their properties or shape in two dimensions along the lateral plane. In this study, we demonstrate an active flexible three-dimensional tunable spiral plate (3DSP). Rather than alternating bright and dark zones, these zone plates have a spiral pattern in three dimensions. These zone plates enable tunability in both wavelength and depth of focus by actively modifying the lateral and vertical planes. These zone plates achieve a combination of selective wavelength transmission and predefined depth of focus by activating the 3DSP to predefined settings.
Muscovite is a naturally occurring crystalline mineral, a mica, with a unique layered structure with planes of low cleavage energy spaced by ~1.3 nm in the crystal structure. It is a dielectric insulator. Freshly cleaved muscovite surfaces are extremely flat, clean and used in many technical applications of the material. Previous laser ablation study of mica using ultraviolet, nanosecond duration pulses, led to a poor finish at the process sites (K. Rubahn et.al., J. Appl. Phys. 86(5), 2847, 1999). Interest in laser processing of the material, other than CO2 laser cutting of mica sheets, was subsequently, and not surprisingly, curtailed. Here-in we report the morphologies of the laser processed site affected by a single, ~150 fs duration, 800nm wavelength, 6 micron spotsize laser pulse focussed on the surface of a mica substrate. A systematic sequence of the morphology as the fluence of the single pulse is increased is obtained. Optical surface profiling and field emission secondary electron microsocopy are used to characterise the site morphology. Time of flight secondary ion mass specroscopy has been used to map the redistribution of key elements at the process site. Muscovite emerges as a fascinating material in its response to a femtosecond laser pulse. Useful marking without creation of debris beyond the footprint of the laser spotsize is achieved at a flunece as low as 2.4 J/cm2. There is evidence of plasticity and cavitation within the sequence of morphologies found.
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