The combination of a long period grating and a fiber Bragg grating written on the same fiber is described as method to
reduce noticeably the interferences caused by strain and temperature in the measurement of refractive index. The hybrid
LPG and FBG optical fiber sensor is manufactured and located in a small volume flow cell. The whole system with its
flow cell and the gratings fabrication are extensively described as well as both the acquisition and data processing. The
maximum sensor sensitivity and resolution are about 3120 nm/RIU and 2 x 10-5 RIU, respectively.
KEYWORDS: Fiber Bragg gratings, Refractive index, Temperature metrology, Sensors, Aluminum, Polymethylmethacrylate, Chemical elements, Signal attenuation, Chemical analysis, Water
Long period gratings (LPGs) have been recently proposed as sensing elements of chemical/biological compounds,
exploiting their sensitivity to the refractive index changes in the surrounding environment. One of the difficulties of their
utilization for this purpose is their strong dependence also to strain and temperature effects. An intrinsic optical feedback
able to eliminate these effects was developed by manufacturing on the same fiber the LPG and a fiber Bragg grating
(FBG) which is immune from external refractive index changes and is influenced by strain and temperature. An accurate
temperature measurement system is utilised to eliminate or in any case to reduce to a minimum the interferences coming
from temperature changes. A KrF excimer laser is used to write both the gratings into the same photosensitive fiber. The
period of the LPG and FBG gratings are 615 μm and 530 nm, respectively and the attenuation at their resonance
wavelengths (1570 nm for LPG and 1534 nm for FBG) was of the order of 15-20 dB. The same source, a broadband
superluminescent diode with emission peak at 1550 nm, is used to interrogate both the gratings. The transmission spectra
is acquired by means of an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) controlled by a PC and an in-house software identifies the
attenuation band in the FBG and LPG transmission spectra and calculates the minimum values. A suitable thermostabilized
flow cell with a volume of 50 μL containing the fiber with the two gratings, has been developed and
characterized.
In the present work an optical platform is described for the interrogation of a multichannel array for chemical and
biochemical parameters. A fluorescent sensing layer is immobilised on the internal wall of the channel and the emitted
light travels along the thickness of the channel and is detected with an optical fibre connected with a spectrum analyzer.
Long-Period Fiber Gratings (LPFGs) were fabricated in single mode fibers (SMF28) by using electric arc discharges
produced from a commercial fiber splicer. In our experimental set-up, we noticed that, during each arc, the fiber becomes
slightly tapered due to the presence of the longitudinal tension: the quantitative effect depends on the time length and arc
power. We have experimentally studied how the LPFG performance may be affected by the arc discharge process, and
we found that, with periods typically of few hundreds microns, the spectral response of the grating depends on the period
&Lgr;, the intensity of the perturbation, the grating length and the type of mode-coupling induced. The reproducibility of the
grating is very important, in particular for applications like a gain equalizer for an erbium-doped optical amplifier. In the
modelling of the process, the mode coupling induced by the LPFG cannot be estimated directly from the transmission
spectra; therefore, we propose a method to determine the mode-coupling occurring in the fiber and to assess the index
modulation induced by the electric arcs. This method combines experimental and simulated data, and its use is not
limited to the case of electric-arc-induced LPFGs.
In this work a temperature-compensated configuration for extending the working range of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors has been proposed. This technique consists of the application of two FBGs to the opposite surfaces of a straight elastic beam which was bent in a horizontal direction. Pushing nearer of beam ends produced the beam curvature variation measured by means of the two FBG wavelength difference The difference of the two FBGs wavelengths depends on the beam curvature, while the mean value is taken in order to compensate for the temperature effects.
The sensitivity of the system was obtained for different beam lengths. Decreasing the beam length increases the sensitivity, but decreases the working range.
The sensor proposed is less fragile than the bare fiber and constitutes a displacement sensor particularly suited for applications to breaks or separate elements of structures where it is impossible to affix the bare fiber.
Wood support is an essential element of the works of art and is highly sensitive to the environmental climate modification. Wood deformations may have irreversible destructive effects on the work of art. The use of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for the quasi-distributed in-situ measurement and continuous monitoring of the painted wood panel deformations is proposed. FBG sensors have high resolution low invasivity and intrinsic safety. The effects of relative humidity changes were measured on a wood panel, by monitoring the deformations in the wood structure using an array of fiber Bragg gratings glued to different critical points.
Chirped Bragg gratings are commonly utilized in optical fiber communication systems for chromatic dispersion compensation, because they realize a large dispersion and have very small dimensions and low insertion loss. Chirping can be obtained during the writing of the grating, for example, by bending the fiber so that a continuously changing period is projected on it or by applying a non-uniform strain on the fiber during irradiation, or by using a chirped phase mask. It is also possible to obtain and tune a chirped grating after the fabrication of grating by applying a temperature gradient or a strain gradient along the fiber. In this work we propose a simple technique for making tunable chirped gratings, which consists of the application of a uniform Bragg grating to the lateral side of a beam which was subsequently bent.
The conservation of painted panel supports is a fundamental aim of the whole restoration process. The measurement method up to now utilized by Opificio is based on the application on the panel of reference points, through which a centesimal gauge measures positive and negative movements. We propose a measurement method based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. An array of Bragg gratings was glued on several crucial points of the wood structure, and the data were continuously collected. A set of measurements were performed in order to study the deformations of a painted wood panel, induced by relative humidity changes.
The wood support is an essential element of the works of art and is highly sensitive to the environmental climate modification. Wood deformations may have irreversible destructive effects on the work of ar t. The use of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for the quasi-distributed in-situ measurement and continuous monitoring of the painted wood panel deformations is proposed. FBG sensors have high resolution low invasivity and intrinsic safety. The results of a
set of measurement on a wood panel in different climate conditions are presented. The applicability of fiber Bragg grating sensors to the cultural heritage is demonstrated.
The applicability of fiber optic sensors to the automotive field was evaluated within a national project, in which the Fiat Research Center, RTM and CNR-IROE are involved. The measurement of the mechanical deformations on a vehicle windshield was considered as a case study. This paper refers mainly to the validation phase of the project and in particular to the deformation measurements on a windshield of a FIAT 'Brava' using fiber Bragg gratings. The results were compared with data collected by using strain gauges and thermocouples. A brief description of the manufacturing and characterization of the grating and of the interrogation system is also provided.
Measurements were performed on gratings glued on different samples made of strips of commercial glass or iron. The samples were heated or cooled inside an oven or a thermo-cryostat. The Bragg wavelength shift was detected by means of an optical spectrum analyzer. The results of measurements made under different experimental conditions will be reported. These show a good linear relation between the temperature variation and the Bragg wavelength shift, but also reveal problems related to the glue hardening or to the partial ungluing of the gratings, depending on the sample material and on the glue used.
In this paper a derivative spectrometer, utilizing an FFP tunable filter for the wavelength shift detection and an electronic device for the signal processing, was realized and tested for data acquisition and elaboration from a fiber-Bragg-grating strain sensor system for automotive applications. The result of measurements carried out both under static and dynamic conditions have been compared with those performed with a strain gauge.
In this paper a method is proposed for data acquisition and elaboration from a Fiber Bragg Grating strain interrogation system for automotive applications. The results of measurements carried out both under static and dynamic conditions have been compared with those performed with a strain gauge.
In this work, the photolithographic method with the improvement of the stretch-and-write technique is applied for the design and the fabrication of fiber-Bragg gratings distributed on different lengths of fiber and with different operating wavelengths. A proper apparatus was set-up, which allows to easily change the fiber position behind the mask; moreover, by suitable setting the stage displacements, it is possible to stretch the fiber to a given strain value. In this condition all written gratings compress and the peaks move towards shorter wavelengths. To the purpose to obtain grating arrays, working at pre-established wavelengths, strain calibration curves was obtained. Two different types of applications were investigated. Arrays of up to five gratings with different peak position and distributed over a 1 m length of fiber were fabricated and characterized for sensing purpose. Adjacent gratings spectrally concatenated were also produced in order to obtain pass-band filters to be applied in photonic systems. An interesting field of application of FBG arrays was considered for strain sensing in the automotive industry, to monitor various critical components of vehicles. Another example of application was the construction of a pass-band filter applied to suppress the first side lobes of a laser diode spectrum.
The optical fiber, as a dielectric and flexible medium capable of guiding with low attenuation the light of the visible and near-infrared spectral regions, is an excellent tool for performing spectral measurements at selected wavelengths or in combination with conventional spectrometers. This paper shows some applications for absorption spectroscopy by citing optical fiber sensors currently being experimented at IROE- CNR. Senors for the monitoring of Chromium in sewage water and for the colorimetry of gasoline samples are presented, together with sensors for radiation dosimetry in radiotherapy and for lighting control in museum environments.
Diffraction gratings were fabricated both in optical slab waveguides and in optical fibers by irradiation with KrF excimer-laser pulses. Preliminary results are presented for the waveguide gratings, written in germano-silicate glasses and films. Arrays of in-fiber Bragg gratings were produced by using the phase mask method and an improved stretch-and-write technique. A purposely designed apparatus is described, which allows us to write spectrally well separated as well as concatenated grating arrays: both these kinds of structures can find applications as passive components in telecommunication systems.
Refractometers are of interest for measuring concentrations of solutions, since the refractive index of a solution is proportional to its concentration. On-line continuous refractometry is important in many industrial processes, as well as for checking the concentration stability of solutions in stock. An optical fiber long-period grating is presented, which was tested for refractometry in the 1.34- 1.42 range.
The measurement of the concentration of stock solutions, dilutions, oils, and water-soluble industrial fluids is of interest in many quality control industrial processes in order to check the concentration stability and abnormal ageing effects. Off-line refractometers, such as the Abbe type, which offer a resolution of 0.2%, are commonly used.
Multimode optical fibers are used for evanescent-wave absorption spectroscopy ofliquids by replacing, to some extent, the normal cladding with the media being tested. Plastic-cladding silica-core fibers and all-plastic fibers are frequently used for evanescent-wave absorption-spectroscopy of liquids, since the plastic cladding can be easily removed. However, these fibers offer only limited efficiency. This paper presents tapered-core PCS and all-plastic fibers with enhanced sensitivitycompared to uniform-core fibers, and discusses how the enhancement of absorbance is influenced by the parameters characterizing the taper profile.
In this paper the behaviour of fiber Bragg gratings as temperature and strain sensors is presented. The formation, using a photolitographic method, and characterization of those narrow-band filter are also described. The filter response, tunable in frequency due to mechanical strain and temperature change, has shown good linearity over a wide range of both strain and temperature variations. Arrays of up to five gratings, with a peak separation of about 1 nm, have been written using the same phase mask.
This paper discusses the theoretical and experimental implications of tapering a multimode optical fiber with a view to its use in evanescent-wave absorption-spectroscopy. Good experimental results are obtained, showing the possibility of quadruplicating the absorbance efficiency. This easy and reproducible technique for taper fabrication is suitable for the implementation of both probes for spectroscopy and chemically-assisted fiber optic sensors.
During the laser treatments in biomedical fields the patient must not run any risk due to a damage of the fiber delivery systems. Such damages are usually monitored by backscattering. Here an investigation of backscattered signals due to flat, bulb and damaged fiber tips is reported. A fiber directional coupler was employed which has shown noticeable advantages with respect to the conventional beam splitter technique (BST). These results have been exploited to design a practical monitoring device which has been inserted int a fiber-optic delivery system, fed by a Nd:YAG laser.
A miniaturized optical fiber probe for measuring the esophageal pressure, making use of biconically tapered fibers, has been built and characterized. The operation of the probe is based on the decrease of the transmitted power from a biconical fiber when it is bent, in its biconical part, under the action of pressure. The necessary sensitivity is about 1 divided by 2 mm Hg in the range between 0 and 50 mm Hg. To obtain it we have fabricated and tested some probes using different fibers (four-mode, two- mode and monomode) and different values of tapering. Our best result has been achieved with a probe made with a monomode fiber of waist 36 micrometer whose sensitivity is 2 mm Hg in the range between 5 and 55 mm Hg.
The saturation of self-organized second-harmonic generation in optical fibers, predicted by a model we have recently derived, is verified by calculating the saturation value of the ratio I2(omega )/I(omega )2 using experimental data of some previous experiments. It was found that the value of (I2(omega )/I(omega )2)sat determined experimentally ranges from 0.3 multiplied by 10-16 m2/W to 2 multiplied by 10-16 m2/W, which is in reasonable agreement with the theoretical predictions. The self-organized parametric down conversion is proposed for a very effective preparation of optical fibers.
Nd:YAG lasers have become fundamental tools in the medical field, because of the low absorption and high scattering in tissue at the emission wavelength of 1.06 micrometers . Therefore the development of new laser delivery systems is a very attractive goal. In this paper a complete fiber-optic delivery system is described. Such a system is composed by a laser-to- fiber and a fiber-to-fiber coupling device, in which GRIN rod lenses are utilized. Furthermore a distal handpiece, suitable for medical applications, has been properly designed and manufactured.
A fiber-optic delivery system consisting of a laser-to-fiber coupling unit and a fiber-to-fiber connector is described. Graded-index microlenses have been used as coupling optics. The realized system presents low intrinsic losses and good fiber misalignments tolerances, so it can be conveniently used in industrial and biomedical fields, where medium or high power lasers are required. Details of the design and of the experimental characterization are reported.
The problem of entero-gastric reflux is clinically relevant and none of the presently available techniques for its detection is satisfactory. Therefore, a portable fiber optic system for ambulatory reflux assessment has been conceived and developed. Two light emitting diodes (for signal and reference) and a suitable electronic circuit for signal processing are associated with a plastic fiber optic bundle. The working principle of the system is based on the characteristic absorption of bilirubin and bile around 450 nm. In-vitro results have shown good accuracy, linearity, and stability in the measurements of the fiber optic system. In-vivo results are promising.
This work presents the description of a very compact optical connector for coupling high-power laser radiation (Nd:YAG) to optical fibers. GRIN-rod lenses have been used because they have several characteristics (such as small dimensions, plane and parallel faces with focus near the exit face) which make them suitable for fiber components. A special coupling unit to connect the microlens with the fiber has been designed, thus obtaining a very compact and stable element. Furthermore, the insertion of a conventional prefocusing lens at the laser exit has been provided, in order to obtain better coupling efficiency and to increase misalignment tolerances of the GRIN rod-fiber component A theoretical analysis by means of an optical design program, together with the description of the experimental characterization of the coupling system, are reported.
A very compact and easily-transportable optical-fiber sensor for 'in vivo' detection of bile reflux from the duodenum into the stomach (entero-gastric reflux) has been developed. It makes use of two light-emitting diodes (for signal and reference, respectively) and of a special electronic circuit which processes the signals and provides the readout on a display. Quartz and plastic fiber bundles are used and compared in order to obtain the best solution in terms of signal levels and price. A suitable probe was specially designed and made finalized for 'in vivo' measurements. Measurements with the optical sensor were performed on several patients. A comparison with the traditional indirect method of detection, based on a change in acidity inside the stomach, showed the eminently greater suitability of the optical sensor for detection of entero-gastric reflux.
In several industrial environments it can be necessary to utilize control devices connected to alarm systems for the monitoring of temperature variations, for example, those related to the occurrence of fires. In particular situations, such as in the presence of either electromagnetic interference or explosive substances, the use of a fiber optic device to control the increase of heat can be extremely convenient. This work is concerned with two micro-optic temperature switches based on bimetallic strip temperature behavior. The first type is constituted by two faced fibers: one fiber is connected with a LED source and is placed on a bimetallic strip; the other receives the light coming from the first one. The second device consists of only one fiber terminated with a GRIN microlens: light coming from the lens is reflected by a mirrored GRIN lens placed on a bimetallic strip and is then collected by the same fiber. A temperature variation causes a strip bending and, consequently, an intensity modulation of the transmitted radiation. Such devices are an improvement over traditional thermal microswitches; in fact, in the proposed configurations, the off condition is characterized by a reduction in, instead of an interruption of, the signal. It is thus possible to check for possible failures in operation (i.e., breaks in the fiber), as well as monitor the temperature. The second device is particularly suitable to be miniaturized and so it appropriate for realizing multiple-microswitch systems.
A compact optical system for coupling high-power laser radiation (Nd:YAG) to optical fibers is described. Graded-index optics (GRIN rod) have been used because of their characteristics, such as small dimensions, plane and parallel faces with focus near the exit face, which make them suitable for fiber components. A special coupling unit to connect the microlens with the fiber has been designed, thus obtaining a very compact and stable element. The insertion of a conventional lens at the laser exit has been provided to obtain a better coupling efficiency and to increase misalignment tolerances of the GRIN rod-fiber component. A theoretical approach and an analysis by means of an optical design program, together with details on experimental characterization of the coupling systems with a low-power laser (He-Ne) and high-power laser (Nd:YAG), are reported.
A very compact and easily transportable optical-fiber sensor for the detection of reflux from the duodenum into the stomach has been developed. The working principle is based on the spectrophotometric properties of the bile, which is always present in the reflux. It makes use of two light-emitting diodes (for signal and reference, respectively) and of a special electronic circuit which processes the signals and provides the readout on a display. A suitable probe, specially finalized for in vivo measurements, was designed. Plastic fiber bundles are used in order to obtain the best solution in terms of signal levels and price. Measurements with the proposed sensor were performed on several patients. A comparison with the traditional indirect method, based on a change in acidity inside the stomach, showed the greater suitability of the optical sensor for detection of entero-gastric reflux.
The paper is concerned with a wavelength mux-demux device for multimode and monomode fibers assembled through micro-optic technique. The proposed device makes use of a 45 incidence dichroic filter as a dispersive element and of GRINrod lenses as collimating/ focusing optics. It was designed utilizing two glass prisms with isosceles triangle cross-section between which the filter is inserted while three GRIN lenses connected to the fibers are cemented on the lateral faces of the prisms thus forming a monolithic block. Two different prototypes of the device have been constructed: the first one making use of multimode fibers and the other one utilizing monomode fibers. Narrow band-pass filters centered on the working wavelengths were also inserted on the output ports so to reduce the cross-talk. A description of the two device assembling and characterization measurement are reported.
The characteristics of an optical fiber sensor for the entero-gastric reflux are described. Two
different probes are developed for "in vivo" measurements making use of PCS fibers (200 um core
diameter) and of a fiber bundle respectively. The performance of the sensor and of the two probes are
discussed and experimental "in vivo" results are reported.
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