CuIn1-xGaxS2 (CIGS2) thin-films for solar cells were prepared by rf-magnetron sputtering and were deposited on glass substrate. These films were prepared using a stepwise process consisting of succesive deposition of CuInGa (d = 1500 nm) and ZnS (d = 200 nm) layers. Each layer was structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic force
microscopy. The microstructural and optical properties of CIGS2 component films of the solar cell in comparison with
those of ZnS and CuInGa films separately deposited onto glass substrates under the same conditions, were studied.
Transmission spectra of our thin films are strongly influenced by deposition conditions and nature of the support material
and they were recorded for each component film and CIGS2 solar cell.
Thin films, rf magnetron sputtering, CIGS2 solar cell, Surface roughness, Optical pr
The synthesis of bioactive glass from raw materials even during the laser deposition process, could provide
formation of a biocompatible layer on the metallic prosthesis. During the laser irradiation melting and ultrarapid
solidification of ceramic materials occur and glasses controlled by the process parameters (especially laser power
and solidification rate) will be obtained. The aim of the present paper is to study the influence of the processing
parameters on the laser synthesized glasses chemical composition, structure and bioactive behaviour.
In the last decade we have applied with consistent results the integral transform technique in solving the classical heat
equation for determining the thermal fields in laser-solid interaction. In the present paper we apply for the first time this
powerful mathematical instrument for laser-transparent liquids interaction in order to find the thermal field of this
process.
KEYWORDS: Thin films, Solar cells, Sputter deposition, Thin film solar cells, Thin film coatings, Copper indium gallium selenide, Molybdenum, Thin film devices, Quantum efficiency, Molecules
The paper is presenting the efforts developed in INFLPR to improve the thin films technologies to obtain utility
products: sensors, photovoltaics, biocompatible coatings for medical applications, etc.A review of the different methods
to obtain thin films, which characteristics depend on the technological method used are comparatively discussed.
The main interest is focussed on the activities dedicated to achieve solar cells by using new substrates, different than Si
and a structure of multilayers in order to improve the efficiency.
We present an envelope formalism describing nonlinear phenomena in photonic crystals by casting the Maxwell equations as a linear Hermitian eigenvalue problem in close analogy with the Schroedinger equation of quantum mechanics. From this formulation, applied to one dimensional photonic crystal, comes a variety of useful properties, including the density of modes and second harmonic generation. The mutual control of radiation field and matter defined by the control of photon modes by nonlinear photonic crystals -mode shapes, dispersion relations, optical solitons- is a key technology for future photonic devices.
There are different methods to obtain nanostructured thin films: chemical, physical, electrochemical, PLD and radio
frequency deposition. The aim of this study was to establish the influence of the process parameters on the films
structure and to improve the technological parameters. B2O3 and P2O5 vitreous targets have been obtained to be used as
targets for r.f. magnetron sputtering. To obtain high quality targets it is necessary to use p.a. purity reagents which are
dry mixed, then melt for 2 hours at 1200-1250°C. The melted mixture is poured in the mould. The vitreous materials are
characterized by DTA, chemical analysis and x-ray diffraction to check for stoichiometry. The thin films obtained by r.f.
magnetron sputtering have been characterized by AFM and SEM. The thickness of the composite films are "in situ"
controlled in the range (2-20) nm. It seems that these films could be used as space layers in magnetoresistive superlattices, in spite these are totally amorphous without separations.
Dielectric and especially ferroelectric materials can be used in many applications such as dynamic random access memories and infrared sensors. The dielectric properties of such materials have to be improved. For this purpose several compositions in the BaO-B2O3-TiO2 system have been studied. The investigated composition was BaTiO3 with a different amount of B203 in the range 25 - 50 mol%. Depending on the B2O3 amount the melting temperatures of the investigated glasses were in the range 1100 - 1250°C. The vitreous materials have been submitted to thermal treatment in order to obtain surface and bulk crystallization. The Differential Thermal Analyses (DTA) showed out the tendency of crystallization for these samples in the 600 - 800°C-temperature range. For structural analyses there have been used the X-ray diffractometry. DTA analyses, electronic microscopy and atomic force microscopy on samples crystallized by controlled thermal treatments.
In the present paper we are dealing with the thermal fields for laser-metallic thin film interaction. We propose a simplified model which takes into account just one global heat equation instead of two couple heat equations. For the parameters which are the same order of magnitude we take into account just the thermal coefficients of the substrate. The idea of our model is to consider an absorption coefficient as close as possible to reality. We solve the heat equation using the integral transform technique. We plot the thermal field at the interface for different situations. Our results indicate that: (i) the thermal field depends strongly on the absorption coefficient of the thin film and (ii) the length of the interface, at least in the domain 0.1-10 μm does not play an important role in the thermal fields. Specific results are presented for a laser beam operating in the mode TEM01.
We developed and experimented a method for obtaining a transverse flow CO2 laser-TFL- with a matching coefficient (the cross section of the laser beam/the cross section of the electrical discharge) -(eta) m greater than 0.8 for a Fresnel number of the optical resonator -NFless than 2, in which both types of the active medium asymmetries are compensated. This corresponds to a TFL with high efficiency and TEM00/01 good optical quality laser beam. The main elements for this laser are: gas circulation fluido-dynamical circuit in cylindrical geometry with two opposite electrical discharges; U-type laser resonator with a 90 degree deflection element (pentaprism alike), instead of one corner mirror, which reverse the wavefront of the laser beam in one of the two discharge channels. Also, it was developed a new very stable 90 degree-beam deflection optical element with properties alike pentaprism. This element might be used in optical resonator construction, transport and focusing systems of the laser beam.
A new optical resonator configuration for transverse flow CO2 laser was developed. A high value of the matching coefficient (the cross section of the laser beam/the cross section of the electrical discharge)-(eta) m, is obtained for laser beams with TEM00/01 intensity distribution (that corresponds to the low values of the Fresnel number-NF of the optical resonator). Simultaneously, both types of the gain and refractive index asymmetries of the active medium (parallel and perpendicular on the flow direction) are compensated. A 90 degree(s) deflection device is the main constructive element (this is built by two mirrors at 45 degree(s) relative angle and offers the pentaprism properties). This deflection device reverses the wavefront in one of the two discharge channel and in addition improved the resonator stability. The main results are (eta) m is congruent to 0.83 for NF is congruent to 1.9 and the beam pattern is independent of the power level in the range of 300 W to 1800 W.
In order to make X-ray-UV interference mirrors, we tried to obtain a periodic multilayer structure with thin films of two materials, a high absorption material (Ni) and a low absorption material (C) on a quartz substrate. We present theoretical approaches to determine the optimum values of the thicknesses of each thin film and the number of periods required for maximum reflectivity at normal incidence of a soft X-ray mirror working at (lambda) equals 50 angstroms. We also describe the experimental procedures used for obtaining the multilayer structure and the microscopically investigations.
We have developed a simple, all Pyrex, 60 cm active length laser tube in a self-heating geometry. For a He pressure of 20 Torr and a current of 120 mA, the laser power was 28 mW on seven lines in the blue-green region. By spectroscopic measurements we have determined the influence of metal vapor presence on the intensity of a helium line. Some modifications of the vapor clouds generated by a magnetic field are reported.
`Special mirror' concept is presented as a `spare module' for a GaAs extracting mirror technological processed with GaAs thin films, mounted within two kinds of c.w. CO2 laser resonators: U-type resonator (with optical pathlength Lr equals 4 m) and U- type folded resonator with V-discharge on each branch, reversal mirror provided (with the optical pathlength Lr equals 8 m), experimentally used to obtain good quality laser beam. The extracting mirror presents variable reflectivity, acting as a super-Gaussian mirror and working as an output coupler in the resonator, providing total compensation of the refractive index and of the small gain asymmetries.
ZnS, BaF2 and GaAs thin films on NaCl and GaAs substrates, produced by thermal evaporation and r.f. magnetron sputtering as antireflective and reflective coatings for 10.6 micrometers are investigated. Optical and electronic microscopy (TEM and SEM) with EDAX and SAED had been approached to study the structure and morphology of optical coatings, corroborated with the technological parameters of the deposition. The columnar structure of the thermally evaporated BaF2 film was observed. Uniformity and deposition rate for r.f. magnetron sputtering deposition, without ion assistance turns out to be very critical, since the induced mechanical stresses could compromise the optical film.
Output optical components on GaAs substrates devoted to the industrial CO2 lasers, delivering up to 1200 W c.w. power laser levels, were investigated as regards the aging behavior of the optical coatings. IR spectrometry and thermal runaway in passive regime offer information about the optical dielectric coatings evolution. A comparison between the two deposition methods: thermal evaporation in high vacuum and r.f. magnetron sputtering put into evidence better results for the last method as regards the aging behavior of specific dielectrics used in IR.
KEYWORDS: Acoustics, Crystal optics, Crystals, Signal processing, Crystallography, Diffraction, Modulation, Modulators, Radio optics, Chemical elements
This work presents the technological difficulties and solutions which have been encountered in the construction of a class of devices which use the effect of the interaction between acoustical and optical waves in crystals. An experimental setup for the study of this effect was realized. The connection and matching between the electrical, optical and mechanical components parts were also studied.
A possible mechanism for the chemical interactions during the argon plasma assisted deposition of thin layers of AIIIBV and AIIBVI binary compounds is presented. The model is aimed to serve as a basis to guide the experimental conditions for the obtaining of reflective or anti-reflective stoichiometric films on different substrates used as laser optical components. The theoretical assumptions were found in a good agreement with the results of the structural and optical properties measurements in case of ZnS and GaAs deposition from polycrystalline targets on (100) oriented GaAs singlecrystalline substrates. X- ray diffractometry and scanning electronic microscopy as well as IR transmission techniques were used in this respect.
The performances of a small power He-Se laser tube are reported. A particular geometry allowing the self-heating of Se was used, so that, an optimum quantity of metal vapors occurs in the discharge tube for a selected electric current. The influence of a magnetic field placed in the region of Se reservoir at the optimum discharge current is also described.
The variable reflectivity mirror whose behavior was followed in dynamic regime while used in C.W. CO2 technological laser had the structure: AIR (ZnSe, BaF2)/GaAs(ZnS)AIR acting as a super-Gaussian mirror. It worked as an output coupler in an U type resonator mounted in a C.W. CO2 transverse flow laser, the output power characterizing the emitted beam belongs to the interval 800 - 1000 W in the fundamental mode. Following 300 hours of operations, in technological regime and 600 hours of overall operation, the laser beam quality exhibited unmodified characteristics from the point of view of industrial processing of materials.
A concave-convex stable laser resonator dedicated to a better matching of the waist on large capillaries was developed. Power of 633 nm laser line for different positions of convex mirror for a medium power He-Ne Brewster windows ended, 2 mm ID laser tube was measured. The curves we obtained present an unusual behavior.
Ferroelectric LiNbO3 is the most widely used electro-optic material. It exhibits large birefringent, pyroelectric, electro-optic, elastic, photoelastic, and bulk photovoltaic effects. One important application of this material is therefore the fabrication of either planar or cha- nnel optical waveguides able to guide light in the visible or near IR optical range. The usual approach to this aim is Ti in-diffusion into LiNbO3 single crystals.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.