The fabrication of a novel optical biosensor based on Bloch long-range surface plasmons on waveguide arrays is presented in this work. The structures are fabricated on a truncated 1D photonic crystal comprised of a 12 period stack of alternating layers of SiO2/Ta2O5. The Au waveguides, are fabricated using a bi-layer lift-off photolithography process including LOR 1A and SPR 955. Grating couplers, as the input/output means, are fabricated using overlaid electronbeam lithography involving a bilayer PMMA process. The planar waveguides are integrated into arrays capable of multichannel multimodal biosensing. The wafer is covered with CYTOP as the upper cladding with etched microfluidic channels, and wafer-bonded to a borofloat silica wafer to encapsulate the fluidic channels and enable side fluidic interfaces.
Novel, cost-effective and label-free Bloch surface plasmon biosensors are presented in this work. The biosensor chip consists of Au waveguides on a truncated 1D photonic crystal supporting Bloch long range surface plasmons (LRSPs) to form an optical biosensor. Gratings capable of coupling perpendicularly incident Gaussian beams are employed as the input-output means. The waveguides are covered with a low index fluoropolymer, etched to form the microfluidic channels and wafer bonded to seal and enable side fluidic interfaces. The devices are fabricated using wafer-scale processes and are capable of multichannel multimodal biosensing. Similar sensitivities to LRSPPs in the corresponding fluoropolymer/solution system are expected with Bloch LRSPPs.
We review long-range surface plasmon-polariton waveguide biosensors and their application to disease detection in complex fluids. The biosensors are constructed from metal stripe waveguides cladded in Cytop with etched microfluidic channels to expose the stripe surface to the sensing fluid. Application of waveguide biosensors to the detection of leukemia in patient blood serum and dengue infection in patient blood plasma is reviewed. In addition, a novel bioassay for HIV detection in complex fluids is proposed and preliminary results are demonstrated. The biosensors are compact and mass manufacturable using semiconductor fabrication tools and processes.
The use of metal nanostructures to produce colour has recently attracted a great deal of interest. This interest is motivated by colours that can last a long time and that can be rendered down to the diffraction limit, and by processes that avoid the use of inks, paints or pigments for environmental, health or other reasons. The central idea consists of forming metal nanostructures which exhibit plasmon resonances in the visible such that the spectrum of reflected light renders a desired colour. We describe a single-step laser-writing process that produces a full palette of colours on bulk metal objects. The colours are rendered through spectral subtraction of incident white light. Surface plasmons on networks of metal nanoparticles created by laser ablation play a central role in the colour rendition. The plasmonic nature of the colours are studied via large-scale finite-difference time-domain simulations based on the statistical analysis of the nanoparticle distribution. The process is demonstrated on Ag, Au, Cu and Al surfaces, and on minted Ag coins targeting the collectibles market. We also discuss the use of these coloured surfaces in plasmonic assisted photochemistry and their passivation for day-to-day use. Reactions on silver that are normally driven by UV light exposure are demonstrated to occur in the visible spectrum.
Long-range surface plasmon waveguides, and their application to various transducer architectures for amplitude- or
phase-sensitive biosensing, are discussed. Straight and Y-junction waveguides are used for direct intensity-based
detection, whereas Bragg gratings and single-, dual- and triple-output Mach Zehnder interferometers are used for phasebased
detection. In either case, multiple-output biosensors which provide means for referencing are very useful to
eliminate common perturbations and drift. Application of the biosensors to disease detection in complex fluids is
discussed. Application to biomolecular interaction analysis and kinetics extraction is also discussed.
The suitability and use of long-range surface plasmon-polaritons for leukemic biomarker detection is discussed. A novel optical biosensor comprised of gold straight waveguides embedded in CYTOP with an etched microfluidic channel was tested for detecting leukemia in patient serum. Gold surface functionalization involved the interaction of protein G (PG) with antibodies by first adsorbing PG on bare gold and then antibodies (Immunoglobulin G, IgG). Differentiation between healthy and leukemia patients was based on the difference in ratios of Ig kappa (Igκ) and Ig lambda (Igλ) light chains in both serums. The ratio for a normal patient is ~1.4 - 2, whereas for a leukemia patient this ratio is altered. As a receptor (primary antibodies), goat anti-human anti-IgGκ and anti-IgGλ were used to functionalize the surface. Diluted normal and leukemia patient serums were tested over the aforementioned surfaces. The ratios of mass surface densities of IgGκ:IgGλ for normal serum (NS) and patient serum (PS) were found to be 1.55 and 1.92 respectively.
A novel biosensing platform based on long-range surface plasmon waveguides is demonstrated for selective biosensing.
The sensor consists of gold waveguides embedded in CYTOP with a microfluidic channel. Gold surfaces were modified
by forming a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and further they were functionalized by proper receptor (antibodies) with
carbodiimide chemistry. Investigation of biochemical interactions were performed with human immunoglobulin (Ig).
Human immunoglobulin M (IgM) kappa chain (IgM-κ) was tested on the waveguide, functionalized with anti-human
immunoglobulin-kappa specific chain (anti-Igκ). As a negative control, human IgM lambda chain (IgM-λ) was tested on
anti-Igκ surface. The response for IgM- sample was 0.173 dBm and that for IgM-λ was 0.033. The ratio of the
responses ΔS(IgM-κ)/ ΔS(IgM-λ) was found to be 5.3.
Biosensing using long-range surface plasmon-polariton waveguides is demonstrated. Current sensor consists of gold straight waveguides (SWGs) embedded in CYTOP with etched microfluidic channels. The sensing platform is capable of detecting analytes with a small mass as well as monitoring the change in refractive index of bulk solutions. Three solutions with different refractive indices were tested for bulk sensitivity: a mixture of Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and Glycerol (7.25% w/w), Distilled/Deionized water and 2-Isopropanol. Protein Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was physisorbed on carboxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM). A significant change in signal has been observed for these experiments.
Waveguides consisting of Au embedded in Cytop with micro-fluidic channels etched into the cladding are used for
sensing via the propagation of long-range surface plasmons. Initially, a range of water/glycerol solutions with varying
refractive indices were sequentially injected in a waveguide section in order to assess its bulk sensitivity and to find a
solution supporting a strong high quality mode. Au waveguide surfaces were then functionalized with antibodies against
Gram negative bacteria (Anti-Gneg) by first forming a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic
acid (16-MHA) and subsequent conjugation with antibodies through carbodiimide chemistry. E.Coli XL-1 Blue was
used as an analyte in static incubations. Wavelength sweeps of 16-MHA covered waveguides were compared against
waveguides covered with E-coli. The results indicate that very few bacteria cells are required to obtain a measurable
change in output signal.
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