We developed stain-free optical biomarkers for high-grade T1 bladder cancer tissues based on interferometric phase microscopy (IPM). IPM records a topographic map that represents, for each spatial point, the integral of the refractive-index values along the tissue sample thickness, thus accounting for both the tissue internal morphology and contents. Following the extraction of various parameters from this IPM-based topographic maps of healthy and bladder cancer tissues, we employed a machine learning multivariant analysis for stain-free grading of the bladder cancer invasiveness. Our tools are expected to be used for rapid and inexpensive diagnosis of bladder cancer tissues.
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