We focus on the research to develop a compact Self Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG). The SMBG consists of (1) a micro electrical pumping system for blood extraction, (2) a painless microneedle as same size as a female mosquito's labium and (3) a biosensor to detect and evaluate an amount of glucose in extracted blood, by using enzyme such as glucose oxidase (GOx). A gold (Au) plate immobilized GOx was used as a biosensor and attached to the gate electrode of MOSFET. GOx was immobilized on a self-assembled spacer combined with an Au electrode by the cross-link method using BSA (bovine serum albumin) as an additional bonding material. The electrode could detect electrons generated by the hydrolysis of hydrogen peroxide produced by the reaction between GOx and glucose using the constant electric current measurement system of the MOSFET type hybrid biosensor system. The system can measure the change of gate voltage. The extracting speed for whole blood using the micro electrical pumping system was about 2 μl/min. The extracted volume was sufficient to determine the glucose level in the blood; it was comparable to the volume extracted in a commercial glucose level monitor. In the functional evaluation of the biosensor system using hydrogen peroxide solution, it is shown that the averaged output voltage increases in alignment to hydrogen peroxide concentration. The linear value was shown with the averaged output voltage in corresponding hydrogen peroxide concentration with the averaged output voltage obtained from the biosensor system by glucose solution concentration. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the averaged output voltage from the biosensor system obtained by whole blood showed the same voltage in corresponding glucose solution concentration. The hybrid biosensor obtained the useful performance for the SMBG.
Biomedical Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (Bio-MEMS) have been applied to the development of a variety of health care related products including health Monitoring Systems (HMS) and Drug Delivery Systems (DDS). We focus on research to develop the new type compact medical device used for blood sugar control. The new type compact medical device comprises (1) a micropump system to extract blood using a pressure change occurred by electrolysis, (2) a platinum (Pt) electrode as a blood sugar sensor immobilized Glucose Oxidase (GOx) and attached to the gate electrode of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) to detect the amount of glucose in extracted blood, and (3) a micropump system to inject insulin using a pressure change occurred by electrolysis. The device can extract blood in a few microliter through a painless microneedle with the micropump, which used the pressure change occurred by electrolysis. The liquid extraction ability of the micropump system through a microneedle, which is 3.8 mm in length and 100 μm in internal diameter, was measured. The wearable medical device with using the micropump controlled by electrolysis could extract human blood at the speed of 0.15 μl/sec. If the wearable medical device extracts human blood for 6 seconds, it is enough human blood volume to measure a glucose level, compared to the amount of commercial based glucose level monitor. The compact medical device with the air bubble that occurred by electrolysis could inject insulin at the speed of 6.15μl/sec.
A compact and wearable wristwatch type Bio-MEMS such as a health monitoring system (HMS) to detect blood sugar level for diabetic patient, was newly developed. The HMS consists of (1) a indentation unit with a microneedle to generate the skin penetration force using a shape memory alloy(SMA) actuator, (2) a pumping unit using a bimorph PZT piezoelectric actuator to extract the blood and (3) a gold (Au) electrode as a biosensor immobilized GOx and attached to the gate electrode of MOSFET to detect the amount of Glucose in extracted blood. GOx was immobilized on a self assembled spacer combined with an Au electrode by the cross-link method using BSA as an additional bonding material. The device can extract blood in a few microliter through a painless microneedle with the negative pressure by deflection of the bimorph PZT piezoelectric actuator produced in the blood chamber, by the similar way the female mosquito extracts human blood with muscle motion to flex or relax. The performances of the liquid sampling ability of the pumping unit through a microneedle (3.8mm length, 100μm internal diameter) using the bimorph PZT piezoelectric microactuator were measured. The blood extraction micro device could extract human blood at the speed of 2μl/min, and it is enough volume to measure a glucose level, compared to the amount of commercial based glucose level monitor. The electrode embedded in the blood extraction device chamber could detect electrons generated by the hydrolysis of hydrogen peroxide produced by the reaction between GOx and glucose in a few microliter extracted blood, using the constant electric current measurement system of the MOSFET type hybrid biosensor. The output voltage for the glucose diluted in the chamber was increased lineally with increase of the glucose concentration.
The purpose of this research is to develop the compact human blood sampling device applied for a health monitoring system(HMS), which is called “Mobile Hospital”. The HMS consists of (1) a micro electrical pumping system for blood extraction, (2) a bio-sensor to detect and evaluate an amount of Glucose, Cholesterol and Urea in extracted blood, by using enzyme such as Glucoseoxidase (GOD), Cholesteroloxidase and Urease. The mechanical design elements of the device are bio-compatible microneedle, indentation unit using a shape memory alloy(SMA) actuator and pumping unit using a piezoelectric microactuator. The design concept is the biomimetic micromachine of female mosquito’s blood sampling mechanism. The performances of the main mechanical elements such as indentation force of the microneedle, actual stroke of the indentation unit using a SMA actuator and liquid sampling ability of the pumping unit using PZT piezoelectric microactuator were measured. The 3 mm stroke of the indentation load generated by SMA actuator was 0.8mN. The amount of imitation blood extracted by using bimorph PZT actuators was about 0.5 microliters for 10 sec. A 60-micrometer outer diameter and 25-micrometer inner diameter Titanium microneedle, which size is same as female mosquito’s labium, was produced by sputter deposition.
The response time for each TFT-LCD display mode, such as twisted nematic (TN), multi-domain vertical align (MVA), and in-plane switching (IPS) mode, has been measured and analyzed especially in grayscale. The characterization of each display mode has clarified the panel design dependence, especially that of IPS mode LCD. Several display modes have also been subjectively evaluated in view of moving picture appearance by comparing each LCD display monitor to CRT monitor. For moving picture image, subjective evaluation performed by selecting three display test patterns with two moving speeds. Subjective evaluation result is related to the three response parameters, 1) bi-level response time between L255 (brightest) and L0 (darkest), which is conventional definition of response time, 2) sum of average and variance of all response times including gray-levels (calculated twenty response times), and 3) average response time between middle and gray-level and next levels (L127 (reversible reaction) L191 and L127 (reversible reaction) L63). Among above parameters, the average response time of middle grayscales (to and from L127) shows good relationship with subjective evaluation result. The perception speed of each LCD monitor has been also subjectively evaluated to verify the relation to each response parameter. The target for the appropriated response parameter will be discussed.
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