Due to the topographical location and extensive size, skin encounters high dose of clastogen those cause cancer which can be cured, if diagnosed at the early stage. While visual inspection, histopathological study, bio-sensing, dermoscopy exhibit some limitations, noninvasive optical methods cater comfortable, early and precise diagnosis. In this research, we investigated a multispectral imaging method based on the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) to estimate spatiotemporal changes in the light scattering and hemodynamic parameters in mice during cutaneous two-stage chemical carcinogenesis. In this method, Monte Carlo simulation-based empirical formulas assisted in the extraction of the light scattering power b, total hemoglobin concentration Cth, and tissue oxygen saturation StO2 in the skin. In laboratory environment, we induced mice skin cancer by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and monitored the changes in the cutaneous tissue at a particular interval through capturing multispectral diffuse reflectance images and analyzing over the period of initiation, promotion and progression. The results displayed the decrease in b and increases in both Cth and StO2 in tumor regions. Significantly, we found that the inception of rapid changes in the scattering parameter is about one to two week(s) earlier than the hemoglobin concentration. On the other hand, at the advanced stage, we also found the blackish discoloration of the skin in the tip of the papilloma when it experienced necrosis, which corresponds to the regional decrease in StO2 of some large papilloma.
We investigate a multispectral imaging method to evaluate spatiotemporal changes in both cutaneous hemoglobin concentration and light scattering parameter in mouse skin through diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using the reflectance images acquired at isosbestic wavelengths of hemoglobin (420, 450, 500, and 585 nm). In the proposed approach, Monte Carlo simulation-based empirical formulas are introduced to extract the scattering power b representing the wavelength dependence of light scattering spectrum of skin tissue, as well as the total hemoglobin concentration Cth in dermal vasculatures. The use of isosbestic wavelengths of hemoglobin enables the values of Cth and b to be estimated independently of the oxygenation of hemoglobin. Experiments using in vivo mice two-stage chemical carcinogenesis model are performed to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method for evaluating the changes in cutaneous vasculatures and tissue morphology during tumor initiation, promotion, and progression processes. The experimental results reveal that the changes in scattering power b of back skin are significantly reduced and followed by the increase in total hemoglobin concentration Cth in the carcinogenesis mice group, which indicates morphological changes in skin tissue such as edema and cell swelling caused by tumor promotion and successive angiogenesis along with tumor progression. The results suggest that the potential of the present method to detect cutaneous carcinogenesis in an early stage and monitor physiological changes during promotion and progression process of nonmelanoma tumors.
Skin cancer is the most common cancer, predominantly found in people with light-skin color. With a view to diagnosing at early stage, we evaluated a new optical method to investigate the alterations in skin morphology and hemodynamics during skin cancer in mice by multispectral imaging system as traditional measures based on gross lesions that appear at the advanced stage when the prognosis is terrible. Here, the use of isosbestic wavelengths of hemoglobin makes it possible to measure hemoglobin concentration irrespective of oxygenation status of hemoglobin. Results illustrate that while there scattering power decreased, hemoglobin concentration increased in the carcinogenic mice. It demonstrated that the proposed system is competent to monitor pathophysiological changes specially scattering power and hemoglobin concentration during cutaneous two-stage chemical carcinogenesis.
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