Point-of-care measurement of blood oxygen saturation is commonly performed using pulse oximetry-based methods, yet clinical evidence indicates that these devices may exhibit racial disparities in accuracy. We are working to develop tissue-mimicking phantoms for performance comparison and standardization of pulse oximeters. In this study, we have evaluated the use of standard silicone modified by reducing curing agent content to reduce material hardness to biologically relevant levels. A new silicone formulation was identified which provides low hardness without modification. Measurements of compliance – channel diameter as a function of fluid pressure – indicate that both materials have potential for use in pulse oximeter testing.
Pulse oximetry represents the universal application of optics in modern medicine. However, recent studies have raised concerns regarding the potential impact of confounding factors like variable skin pigmentation and blood content on blood oxygen saturation measurement accuracy. Tissue-mimicking phantom testing offers a low-cost solution for characterizing device performance and potential error sources. Phantom manufacturing literature for pulse oximetry on the human finger was reviewed. Studies were categorized, and relevant optical and mechanical properties were summarized and implemented toward a preliminary phantom for optimal biological relevance using molding and 3D printing. Gaps, recommendations, and strategies were presented for continued phantom development.
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