Establishing improved spectrophotometric standards is important for a broad range of missions and is relevant to many astrophysical problems. ACCESS, “Absolute Color Calibration Experiment for Standard Stars”, is a series of rocket-borne sub-orbital missions and ground-based experiments designed to enable improvements in the precision of the astrophysical flux scale through the transfer of absolute laboratory detector standards from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to a network of stellar standards with a calibration accuracy of 1% and a spectral resolving power of 500 across the 0.35 − 1.7μm bandpass. This paper describes the sub-system testing, payload integration, avionics operations, and data transfer for the ACCESS instrument.
Establishing improved spectrophotometric standards is important for a broad range of missions and is relevant to many astrophysical problems. ACCESS, Absolute Color Calibration Experiment for Standard Stars", is a series of rocket-borne sub-orbital missions and ground-based experiments designed to enable improvements in the precision of the astrophysical flux scale through the transfer of absolute laboratory detector standards from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to a network of stellar standards with a calibration accuracy of 1% and a spectral resolving power of 500 across the 0.35 - 1.7μm bandpass. This paper describes the payload status, sub-system testing, and data transfer for the ACCESS instrument.
Establishing improved spectrophotometric standards is important for a broad range of missions and is relevant
to many astrophysical problems. ACCESS, “Absolute Color Calibration Experiment for Standard Stars”, is a
series of rocket-borne sub-orbital missions and ground-based experiments designed to enable improvements in
the precision of the astrophysical flux scale through the transfer of absolute laboratory detector standards from
the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to a network of stellar standards with a calibration
accuracy of 1% and a spectral resolving power of 500 across the 0.35−1.7μm bandpass. Achieving a calibration
accuracy of 1% not only requires an accurate calibration transfer from the detector standards to the instrument,
but it also requires characterization and stability of the detector as well as a thermal background that contributes
less than 1% to the flux per resolution element in the near-infrared (1.7μm) spectral region of the ACCESS
bandpass. This paper describes the thermal mechanical design for achieving a low thermal background across
the ACCESS spectral bandpass.
The Johns Hopkins University sounding rocket group has completed the assembly and calibration of the Far-ultraviolet Off Rowland-circle Telescope for Imaging and Spectroscopy (FORTIS); a sounding rocket borne multi-object spectro-telescope designed to provide spectral coverage of up to 43 separate targets in the 900 - 1800 Angstrom bandpass over a 30′ x 30′ field-of-view. FORTIS is capable of selecting the far-UV brightest regions of the target area by utilizing an autonomous targeting system. Medium resolution (R ~ 400) spectra are recorded in redundant dual-order spectroscopic channels with ~40 cm2 of effective area at 1216 Å. The maiden launch of FORTIS occurred on May 10, 2013 out of the White Sands Missile Range, targeting the extended spiral galaxy M61 and nearby companion NGC 4301. We report on the final flight calibrations of the instrument, as well as the flight results.
Establishing improved spectrophotometric standards is important for a broad range of missions and is relevant
to many astrophysical problems. ACCESS, “Absolute Color Calibration Experiment for Standard Stars”, is a
series of rocket-borne sub-orbital missions and ground-based experiments designed to enable improvements in
the precision of the astrophysical flux scale through the transfer of absolute laboratory detector standards from
the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to a network of stellar standards with a calibration
accuracy of 1% and a spectral resolving power of 500 across the 0.35-1.7µm bandpass.
The Johns Hopkins University sounding rocket group is entering the final fabrication phase of the Far-ultraviolet Off
Rowland-circle Telescope for Imaging and Spectroscopy (FORTIS); a sounding rocket borne multi-object spectro-telescope
designed to provide spectral coverage of 43 separate targets in the 900 - 1800 Angstrom bandpass over a 30' x 30' field-of-
view. Using "on-the-fly" target acquisition and spectral multiplexing enabled by a GSFC microshutter array, FORTIS
will be capable of observing the brightest regions in the far-UV of nearby low redshift (z ~ 0.002 - 0.02) star forming
galaxies to search for Lyman alpha escape, and to measure the local gas-to-dust ratio. A large area (~ 45 mm x 170 mm)
microchannel plate detector built by Sensor Sciences provides an imaging channel for targeting flanked by two redundant
spectral outrigger channels. The grating is ruled directly onto the secondary mirror to increase efficiency. In this paper, we
discuss the recent progress made in the development and fabrication of FORTIS, as well as the results of early calibration
and characterization of our hardware, including mirror/grating measurements, detector performance, and early operational
tests of the microshutter arrays.
ACCESS, Absolute Color Calibration Experiment for Standard Stars, is a series of rocket-borne sub-orbital
missions and ground-based experiments designed to enable improvements in the precision of the astrophysical
flux scale through the transfer of absolute laboratory detector standards from the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) to a network of stellar standards with a calibration accuracy of 1% and a spectral resolving
power of 500 across the 0.35.1.7μm bandpass.
Establishing improved spectrophotometric standards is important for a broad range of missions and is relevant
to many astrophysical problems. Systematic errors associated with problems such as dark energy now compete
with the statistical errors and thus limit our ability to answer fundamental questions in astrophysics.
The ACCESS design, calibration strategy, and an updated preliminary performance estimate are discussed.
The Johns Hopkins University sounding rocket group is building the Far-ultraviolet Off Rowland-circle Telescope for
Imaging and Spectroscopy (FORTIS), which is a Gregorian telescope with rulings on the secondary mirror. FORTIS will
be launched on a sounding rocket from White Sand Missile Range to study the relationship between Lyman alpha escape
and the local gas-to-dust ratio in star forming galaxies with non-zero redshifts. It is designed to acquire images of a 30'
x 30' field and provide fully redundant "on-the-fly" spectral acquisition of 43 separate targets in the field with a bandpass
of 900 - 1800 Angstroms. FORTIS is an enabling scientific and technical activity for future cutting edge far- and near-uv
survey missions seeking to: search for Lyman continuum radiation leaking from star forming galaxies, determine the
epoch of He II reionization and characterize baryon acoustic oscillations using the Lyman forest. In addition to the high
efficiency "two bounce" dual-order spectro-telescope design, FORTIS incorporates a number of innovative technologies
including: an image dissecting microshutter array developed by GSFC; a large area (~ 45 mm x 170 mm) microchannel
plate detector with central imaging and "outrigger" spectral channels provided by Sensor Sciences; and an autonomous
targeting microprocessor incorporating commercially available field programable gate arrays. We discuss progress to date
in developing our pathfinder instrument.
The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph,1 COS, will be installed in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) during the next
servicing mission. This will be the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever flown aboard the HST.
The calibration pipeline (CALCOS), written in Python, has been developed by the Space Telescope Science
Institute (STScI) to support the calibration of HST/COS data. As with other HST pipelines, CALCOS uses an
association table to specify the data files to be included, and employs header keywords to specify the calibration
steps to be performed and the reference files to be used.
CALCOS is designed with a common underlying structure for processing far ultraviolet (FUV) and near
ultraviolet (NUV) channels which, respectively, use a cross delay line and a Multi Anode Microchannel Array
(MAMA) detector. The pipeline basics and channel dependent specifics are presented. The generation and
application of the current reference files, derived from ground-based calibration data, is described, along with
the pipeline verification process and results.
The CALCOS calibration includes pulse-height filtering and geometric correction for the FUV channel; flat-field,
deadtime, and Doppler correction for both channels. Methods for obtaining an accurate wavelength calibra-tion
using the on-board spectral line lamp are described. The instrument sensitivity is applied to the background
corrected spectrum to produce the final flux calibrated spectrum.
KEYWORDS: Galactic astronomy, Camera shutters, Stars, Sensors, Photons, Telescopes, Near ultraviolet, Ionization, Spectroscopy, James Webb Space Telescope
We explore the design of a space mission called Project Lyman that has the goal of quantifying the ionization history of the universe from the present epoch to a redshift of z ~ 3. Observations from WMAP and SDSS show that before a redshift of z (Symbol not available. See manuscript.) 6 the first collapsed objects, possibly dwarf galaxies, emitted Lyman continuum (LyC) radiation shortward of 912 Å that reionized most of the universe. Theoretical estimates of the LyC escape fraction ( fesc ) required from these objects to complete reionization is fesc ~10%. How LyC escapes from galactic environments, whether it induces positive or negative feedback on the local and global collapse of structures, and the role played by clumping, molecules, metallicity and dust are major unanswered theoretical questions, requiring observational constraint. Numerous intervening Lyman limit systems frustrate the detection of LyC from high z objects. They thin below z ~ 3 where there are reportedly a few cases of apparently very high fesc. At low z there are only controversial detections and a handful of upper limits. A wide-field multi-object spectroscopic survey with moderate spectral and spatial resolution can quantify fesc within diverse spatially resolved galactic environments over redshifts with significant evolution in galaxy assemblage and quasar activity. It can also calibrate LyC escape against Lyα escape, providing an essential tool to JWST for probing the beginnings of reionization. We present calculations showing the evolution of the characteristic apparent magnitude of star-forming galaxy luminosity functions at 900 Å, as a function of redshift and assumed escape fraction. These calculations allow us to determine the required aperture for detecting LyC and conduct trade studies to guide technology choices and balance science return against mission cost. Finally we review our efforts to build a pathfinding dual order multi-object spectro/telescope with a (0.5°)2 field-of-view, using a GSFC microshutter array, and crossed delay-line micro-channel plate detector.
The On-board Calibration Monitor (OCM) is being developed as an integral component of the ACCESS instrument
and as a pathfinder for other missions. It provides stable full-aperture illumination of the telescope for
tracking the instrument sensitivity as a function of time. The light source is composed of an ensemble of LED
pairs with central wavelengths that span the spectral range of the instrument and illuminate a diffuser that is
observed by the full optical path. Feedback stabilization of the light source intensity is achieved by photodiode
monitoring of each LED. This stable source will provide real time knowledge of the ACCESS sensitivity throughout
the 5-year duration of the program. The present status of the design and laboratory evaluation of the OCM
system will be presented.
ACCESS is a recently approved rocket-borne payload with a ground-based calibration and performance monitoring
program that is designed to transfer the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) absolute
laboratory standards to the stars with a precision and calibration accuracy of 1% across the 0.35-1.7μm bandpass.
This represents a significant improvement in the absolute and relative astrophysical flux calibration system,
particularly at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths.
Establishing improved spectrophotometric standards is important for a broad range of missions and is relevant
to many astrophysical problems. In particular, the precise calibration of the flux scale across the bandpass
extending from 0.35-1.7 μm is fundamental to the precise determination of dark energy measurements based
on SNeIa photometry.
Since its launch in 1999, the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) has had a profound impact on many areas of astrophysics. Although the prime scientific instrument continues to perform well, numerous hardware failures on the attitude control system, particularly those of gyroscopes and reaction wheels, have made science operations a challenge. As each new obstacle has appeared, it has been overcome, although sometimes with changes in sky coverage capability or modifications to pointing performance. The CalFUSE data pipeline has also undergone major changes to correct for a variety of instrumental effects, and to prepare for the final archiving of the data. We describe the current state of the FUSE satellite and the challenges of operating it with only one reaction wheel and discuss the current performance of the mission and the quality of the science data.
The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite was launched into orbit on June 24, 1999. FUSE is designed to make high resolution ((lambda) /(Delta) (lambda) equals 20,000 - 25,000) observations of solar system, galactic, and extragalactic targets in the far ultraviolet wavelength region (905 - 1187 Angstrom). Its high effective area, low background and planned three year life allow observations of objects which have been too faint for previous high resolution instruments in this wavelength range. The FUSE instrument includes two large format microchannel plate detectors. Each detector system consists of two microchannel plate segments in a Z-stack configuration with double delay line anodes and associated electronics. High detector spatial resolution was required in order to obtain scientific data with high spectral resolving power, and low detector background was necessary in order to observe faint objects. We describe the performance of the FUSE detectors during their first year on orbit, including the mechanical and thermal stability, throughput, background, and flat field of the detector system. We will also discuss the regular single event upsets of the detector electronics, and the strategy adopted in order to minimize their impact on mission efficiency.
The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite was launched into orbit on June 24, 1999. FUSE is now making high resolution ((lambda) /(Delta) (lambda) equals 20,000 - 25,000) observations of solar system, galactic, and extragalactic targets in the far ultraviolet wavelength region (905 - 1187 angstroms). Its high effective area, low background, and planned three year life allow observations of objects which have been too faint for previous high resolution instruments in this wavelength range. In this paper, we describe the on- orbit performance of the FUSE satellite during its first nine months of operation, including measurements of sensitivity and resolution.
The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) is a versatile HST instrument covering the 115 - 1000 nm wavelength range in a variety of spectroscopic and imaging modes. Coverage of the ultraviolet range (115 - 310 nm) is provided by two Multi- Anode Microchannel Array (MAMA) detectors built by Ball Aerospace. The FUV MAMA covers the 115 - 170 nm range using an opaque CsI photocathode on the microchannel plate; the NUV MAMA covers the 165 - 310 nm range using a semi-transparent Cs2Te photocathode on the detector window. Both MAMAS utilize a 1024 X 1024 anode format, but detected photon events are positioned to half the spacing of the anode lines, leading to a 2048 X 2048 format for the final readout. The active area of each detector is 25.6 X 25.6 mm. Since the installation of STIS onto the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in February 1997, the MAMAs have carried out a varied program of astronomical observing and in-flight calibration. The detectors have performed extremely well. In this report, we briefly describe the design of the STIS MAMA detectors, provide illustrative examples of their scientific use on HST, and summarize their technical performance in orbit, in such areas as sensitivity, resolution, flat-field uniformity and stability, signal-to-noise capability, dynamic range, and background.
The space telescope imaging spectrograph (STIS) was designed as a versatile spectrograph capable of maintaining or exceeding the spectroscopic capabilities of both the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph and the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) over the broad bandpass extending from the UV through the visible. STIS achieves performance gains over the aforementioned first generation Hubble Space Telescope instruments primarily through the use of large a real detectors in both the UV and visible regions of the spectrum. Simultaneous spatial and spectral coverage is provided through long slit or slitless spectroscopy. This paper will review the detector design and in-flight performance. Attention will be focussed on the key issue of S/N performance. Spectra obtained during the first few months of operation, illustrate that high signal-to-noise spectra can be obtained while exploiting STIS's multiplexing advantage. From analysis of a single spectrum of GD153, with counting statistics of approximately 165, a S/N of approximately 130 is achieved per spectral resolution element in the FUV. In the NUV a single spectrum of GRW + 70D5824, with counting statistics of approximately 200, yields a S/N of approximately 150 per spectral resolution element. An even higher S/N capability is illustrated through the use of the fixed pattern split slits in the medium resolution echelle modes where observations of BD28D42 yield a signal-to-noise of approximately 250 and approximately 350 per spectral resolution element in the FUV and NUV respectively.
The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), installed into the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) during the second servicing mission (SSM) in February 1197, has undergone the required servicing mission orbital verification (SMOV). The overall sensitivity of STIS is summarized for direct imagery in the visible with the charge coupled device (CCD), the near UV multi-anode microchannel-array (NUV MAMA) and the far UV MAMA (FUV MAMA) detectors and likewise for the spectroscopic modes. The FUV MAMA has exceedingly low background. The NUV MAMA has a higher, temperature-dependent background due to window phosphorescence. The principle gains of the CCD over WFPCs for limiting imaging sensitivity are: high quantum efficiency, wide bandpass, low dark current and low readout-noise. The CCD, like the WFPC2 CCDs, must ge annealed periodically to heat the hot pixels generated by radiation hits. Throughput of all modes has been stable at the 1 percent level or better except for the far UV, where sensitivity is dropping slowly across the order, but more rapidly below the Lyman alpha, and beyond 150 nm. This loss in sensitivity may be due to contamination similar to that which affected the first generation HST instruments. The thermal environment for STIS is warmer than specified in the HST Interface Control Document with the result that the back end of the STIS optical bench is not under positive thermal control. Temperature swings occur due to the spacecraft solar orientation and also due to power cycling of the MAMA low voltage power supplies that are turned off during orbits that encounter the South Atlantic Anomaly. Some motion of spectral and direct image formats occurs on the detector that is correlatable with changing aft bulkhead temperature and changes in external heatloads. The MAMA detectors are capable of time-tagging photon events within 125 microsecond resolution. The Crab Pulsar was used as a time standard and demonstrates the desired performance.
The STIS instrument was installed into HST in February 1997 during the Servicing Mission 2. It has almost completed checkout and is beginning its science program, and is working well. Several scientific demonstration observations were taken to illustrate some of the range of scientific uses and modes of observation of STIS.
The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph is a second generation ultraviolet and visible light spectrograph being developed by NASA for installation on the Hubble Space Telescope during the planned 1997 servicing mission. The current schedule calls for the instrument to be completed in the spring of 1996, with an extensive period of functional, environmental, and calibration tests during the summer. A calibration plan has been developed to ensure that the basic performance characteristics of this versatile instrument will be verified and documented before launch, and that the necessary operational and data reduction databases will be adequatley populated. Our strategies to measure the radiometric sensitivity, flat-field response, dispersion relations, resolving power, scattered light, slit functions, and other properties are described. As the execution of the calibration program is still over a year away (at the time of the conference at which this paper was presented), discussion and suggestions from the engineering and scientific communities will be welcomed.
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