A highly birefringent polarization-maintaining dual-core photonic crystal fiber (DC-PCF) structure with elliptical air holes around the cores has been designed for possible supercontinuum generation over two octaves spanning a spectral bandwidth in the 400- to 1800-nm wavelength range. The supercontinuum (SC) spectrum covers the near-UV, visual, and near-infrared regions of electromagnetic spectra when a hyperbolic secant pulse of 50 fs duration, 322 mW average power, and 80 MHz repetition rate corresponding to 4.03 nJ energy is launched into the DC-PCF around a 1060-nm pumping wavelength. The generated SC spectrum satisfies the necessary requirements for applications in biophotonics, telecommunications, and frequency metrology.
A single quantum well semiconductor laser based on wurtzite-nitride is designed and analyzed for short distance communication wavelength (at around 1300 nm). The laser structure has 12 Å well layer of InN, 15 Å barrier layer of In0.25Ga0.75N, and 54 Å separate confinement heterostructure layer of GaN. To calculate the electronic characteristics of the structure, a self-consistent method is used where Hamiltonian with effective mass approximation is solved for conduction band while six-bands Hamiltonian matrix with k · p formalism including the polarization effect, valence-band mixing effect, and strain effect is solved for valence band. The interband optical transition elements, optical gain, differential gain, radiative current density, spontaneous emission rate, and threshold characteristics have been calculated. The wave function overlap integral is found to be 45.93% for TE-polarized structure. Also, the spontaneous emission rate is found to be 6.57 × 1027 s − 1 cm − 3 eV − 1 at 1288.21 nm with the carrier density of 5 × 1019 cm − 3. Furthermore, the radiative current density and the radiative recombination rate are found to be 121.92 A cm − 2 and 6.35 × 1027 s − 1 cm − 3, respectively, while the TE-polarized optical gain of the structure is 3872.1 cm − 1 at 1301.7 nm.
The concept of employing a central air hole in the core is exploited to obtain an ultralarge negative dispersion photonic crystal fiber (PCF) over the wavelength range of 1350 to 1650 nm. The results show that the fiber may exhibit an average dispersion well over −500 ps/nm-km with a flattened dispersion profile. It is also found that the fiber shows a high birefringence in the order of 10−2 over the entire wavelength bands of interest. The endlessly single-mode behavior of PCFs is utilized to ensure the single modedness of the proposed fiber. Also, the technique of liquid crystal infiltration is exploited to suppress one of the two orthogonal modes of the fundamental mode. Along with the single-polarization behavior, the fiber shows an even more negative dispersion profile with less dispersion variation.
The leakage losses of a bent equiangular spiral photonic crystal fiber (ES-PCF) have been analyzed in this paper by employing a full-vectorial finite element method. The analysis shows that the confinement and bending losses of ES-PCF are several orders of magnitude less than that of the conventional hexagonal lattice PCF (H-PCF) with similar dimensions. Also, the bending loss increases less rapidly in ES-PCF than in H-PCF for similar bending radii. It has also been found that no mode degeneration between fundamental core mode and first cladding mode occurs in ES-PCF. The reason of higher field confinement in ES-PCF than its hexagonal counterpart is also discussed.
A novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) having circular arrangement of cladding air holes has been designed and numerically optimized to obtain a bend insensitive single mode fiber with large mode area for both wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) application. The bending loss of the proposed bent PCF lies in the range of 10 −3 to 10 −4 dB/turn or lower over 1300 to 1700 nm, and 2 × 10 −4 dB/turn at the wavelength of 1550 nm for a 30-mm bend radius with a higher order mode (HOM) cut-off frequency below 1200 nm for WDM application. When the whole structure of the PCF is scaled down, a bending loss of 6.78×10 −4 dB/turn at 1550 nm for a 4-mm bend radius is obtained, and the loss remains in the order of 10 −4 dB/turn over the same range of wavelength with an HOM cut-off frequency below 700 nm, and makes the fiber useful for FTTH applications. Furthermore, this structure is also optimized to show a splice loss near zero for fusion-splicing to a conventional single-mode fiber (SMF).
A liquid crystal infiltrated spiral photonic crystal fiber (LCSPCF) is presented here for electrical tuning of two zero
dispersion wavelengths (ZDWs) in the present communication window. The proposed LCSPCF shows tunability of the
ZDWs from 1433 nm to 2136 nm due to the rotation of the infiltrated LC mesogen induced by the external electric field.
Therefore, the ZDW can easily be shifted towards the available pump wavelength for effective supercontinuum
generation (SCG) over a broad wavelength region. By tuning the bandwidth (BW) in between the two ZDWs the
extension of the generated supercontinuum (SC) spectrum can also be electrically controlled. This will help the SCG in
our desired band with optimum power budget. Moreover, the index guiding mechanism of the proposed soft glass
LCSPCF shows improvement over the narrow operational bandwidth and the low nonlinearity of the band-gap guided
silica LCPCF. Additionally, the solid core of the proposed LCSPCF is less lossy than the previously proposed liquid
crystal core PCF.
A silica spiral photonic crystal fiber is presented here for tailoring two zero dispersion wavelengths (ZDWs) in the visible region. The proposed fiber has two ZDWs (523.1 and 716.8 nm) along with a very high nonlinearity parameter (1060 W−1 km−1 at 500 nm) around the visible region. The proposed design shows improvement over the group dispersion control and air holes collapsibility of highly air filled hexagonal photonic crystal fiber (HPCF), and low damage threshold of the soft glass photonic crystal fiber. Besides, the low air filling fraction (≈43%) of the proposed design reduces the probability of sustaining higher order modes in the fiber and also ensures easy fabrication due to fewer air holes.
Propagation characteristics of an elliptical hollow core optical fiber (EHOF) have been investigated under the application of high lateral and hydrostatic stresses. The simulation results exhibit significant effects of stress on birefringence, polarization mode dispersion (PMD), group velocity dispersion, effective area, and power confinement. High birefringence (~10−3), negative dispersion (−22.07 ps/km-nm), low PMD, small effective area, and ultrahigh value of power density (~103) have been found for EHOF under different stresses. The inclusion of central air hole and asymmetry in geometrical structure of the fiber under stress are responsible for different changes in propagation characteristics.
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