MOONS is a new conceptual design for a multi-object spectrograph for the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT)
which will provide the ESO astronomical community with a powerful, unique instrument able to serve a wide
range of Galactic, Extragalactic and Cosmological studies. The instrument foresees 1000 fibers which can be
positioned on a field of view of 500 square-arcmin. The sky-projected diameter of each fiber is at least 1 arcsec
and the wavelengths coverage extends from 0.8 to 1.8 μm.
This paper presents and discusses the design of the spectrometer, a task which is allocated to the Italian National
Institute of Astrophysics (INAF).
The baseline design consists of two identical cryogenic spectrographs. Each instrument collects the light from
over 500 fibers and feeds, through dichroics, 3 spectrometers covering the "I" (0.79-0.94 μm), "YJ" (0.94-1.35
μm) and "H" (1.45-1.81 μm) bands.
The low resolution mode provides a complete spectrum with a resolving power ranging from R'4,000 in the
YJ-band, to R'6,000 in the H-band and R'8,000 in the I-band. A higher resolution mode with R'20,000 is
also included. It simultaneously covers two selected spectral regions within the J and H bands.
Innovative optical interferometry test setups and control software techniques have been proposed for the E-ELT M4
adaptive optics mirror. The system is composed of three sub-systems: a CGH-based optical test tower, delivering a 1.5-
m collimated beam, for fast simultaneous acquisition of large areas; a stitching interferometer, to calibrate at higher
spatial frequencies, on smaller areas; and an optical piston sensor to remove differential piston and tilt between adjacent mirror segments.
The recently commissioned system for aluminizing the 8.408 meter diameter Large Binocular
Telescope mirrors has a variety of unusual features. Among them are aluminizing the mirror in the
telescope, the mirror is horizon pointing when aluminized, boron nitride crucibles are used for the
sources, only 28 sources are used, the sources are powered with 280 Volts at 20 kHz, high vacuum
is produced with a LN2 cooled charcoal cryo-panel, an inflatable edge seal is used to isolate the
rough vacuum behind the mirror from the high vacuum space, and a burst disk is mounted in the
center hole to protect the mirror from overpressure. We present a description of these features.
Results from aluminizing both primary mirrors are presented.
The Large Binocular Telescope is currently in the pre- assembly phase at the Ansaldo Energia workshop in Milan. Since late 1998 the manufacturing of the Azimuth and Elevation structures has been taken place in North Italy along with the main auxiliary equipments, and since September 1999, the Azimuth Ring have been assembled and aligned on the new concrete foundation poured months before in the same area. The pre-assembly activity in Italy will take some months more from now as the final acceptance tests are scheduled now for December 2000; then the whole telescope steel structure will be disassembled and shipped to Mt. Graham where the final assembling phase will start in spring 2001. In this paper, the authors, part of some industrial companies and public institutes main character in this scientific and technical challenges, briefly describe the manufacturing and the machining processes of the main telescope components, the reached results and the procedures adopted during the pre-assembling as overall test bench for the final erection in Arizona.
The latest generation of astronomical telescopes is equipped by primary mirrors about 8 meter in diameter increasing demands not only of the general mechanical structure but also of the technical performances of the mirror support systems. The Large Binocular Telescope has two 8.4 meter primary mirrors supported on the same elevation mechanical structure and, each of them, located in a mirror cell enviroment. Into the latter structures hundredth of pneumatic actuators bear the weigth of the primary mirror and six positioning actuators find out the six degrees of freedom of the mirror itself, then a new control system is able to determine realtime the stiffness and the damping required by the primary mirror system. In this paper the authors describe the mechanical and the electronic active control system design and testing of the position actuator prototype that mechanically link the 8.4 m honeycomb mirror to six rigidly reinforced locations on each primary Mirror Cell structure. During telescope operation, the adjustable length of the actuators precisely control the six degrees of freedom of the mirror. Each actuator has a high mechanical axial stiffness and, as new feature, an active control system, based on piezoelectric elements and capacitive sensor, in order to control the axial stiffness versus damping, with a bandwidth from DC up to 50 Hz, assuring that the natural frequencies of the mirror do not degrade the optical performance of the telescope under external forces as the wind spectrum. Moreover, other requirements have been satisfied in the mechanic of the actuators: flexures are provided to minimize any moments applied to the attachment of the actuator to the mirror; one axial load cell for each actuator provides a precise realtime measurement of the external forces applied to the mirror, such as wind loads, to feedback the pneumatic force system that supports the weight of the mirror; a very sensitive and precise capacitive sensor measures the total length of the actuator to submicron resolution upon request. Last but not least each actuator has a reliable fail-safe system that limits the compressive and tensile forces that can be applied to the mirror. The mechanical and the electronic design DSP based and all the experimental tests of this actuator prototype have been performed in the Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri laboratories under the supervision of the authors of this paper.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Actuators, Control systems, Telescopes, Chemical elements, Control systems design, Prototyping, Numerical simulations, Ceramics, Active optics
In the latest generation of astronomical telescopes the increase of the primary mirror diameter has placed ever increasing demands on the technical performance of the mirror support systems. In this paper the authors discuss the mechanical and the electronic active control system design and subsequent tests of the position actuator prototype that mechanically link the 8.4 m honeycomb mirrors of the large binocular telescope to six rigidly reinforced locations in each primary mirror cell structure. During telescope operation, these adjustable length actuators precisely control the six degrees of freedom of motion of the mirror. Each actuator has a high mechanical axial stiffness and, as new feature, an active control system, based on piezoelectric elements, in order to increase its axial stiffness, with a bandwidth from dc up to 30 Hz, assuring that the natural frequencies of the mirror do not degrade the optical performance of the telescope. Moreover, other requirements have been satisfied in the mechanic of the actuators: flexures are provided on each end to minimize any moments applied to the attachment of the actuator to the mirror; one axial load cell for each actuator provides a precise measurement of the external forces applied to the mirror, such as wind loads, for the control of the pneumatic force system that supports the weight of the mirror; a very sensitive and precise capacitive sensor measures the total length of the actuator to sub-micron resolution upon request. Each actuator has a reliable fail- safe system that limits the compressive and tensile forces that can be applied to the mirror. The mechanical and the electronic design, and the later experimental tests, of this actuator prototype have been performed in the Arcetri Laboratories under the supervision of the authors of this paper.
The mirror-cells of the LBT (large binocular telescope) 8.4 m honeycomb borosilicate primary mirrors have to meet various requirements in addition to providing support to the mirrors and to the Gregorian instrumentation. The mirror-cells are directly connected to the main telescope structure and have a structural function themselves in order to supply a very high stiffness boundary to the position actuators (hardpoints) of the primary mirrors. The cells also must guarantee an overall strength to make up the bottom part of the vacuum shell, whose top part is the bell-jar for the mirror aluminizing. Each mirror cell has to hold several components inside: 160 pneumatic actuators for the active optics of the mirror, the thermal control system and its 252 air ejectors, and 6 position actuators. A further requirement for the mirror cell design is also to provide access for the maintenance of all the above sub-systems. In this report we summarize the main mirror-cells functions, their final design and briefly describe how we met all the specifications.
We present the final design of the alt/az structure of the large binocular telescope. As a final report of the structural performances of the telescope, this paper describes how the azimuth platform and the primary mirror cells have been modeled. Furthermore, a definition of the simulation of the various structural interfaces is given. Finally, the static and dynamic responses at various zenith angles are reported.
In order to collect as much information as possible from the universe, the latest generation of astronomical telescopes have exceptionally large diameter primary mirrors. This dramatic increase in mirror diameter, and corresponding increase in weight, has placed ever increasing demands on the technical performance of the mirror support system. In this paper the authors discuss the mechanical design, fabrication, and testing of the six servo controlled position-actuators that mechanically link the 6.5 m honeycomb mirror to six rigidly reinforced locations in the multiple mirror telescope conversion mirror cell. During telescope operation, these adjustable length actuators assure that the natural frequency of the mirror does not degrade the optical performance of the telescope. Flexures are provided on each end of the actuators to minimize any moments applied to the attachment of the actuator to the mirror. These actuators provide a precise measurement of the external forces applied to the mirror, such as wind loads, for the control of the pneumatic force system that supports the weight of the mirror. The total length of each actuator can be measured to sub-micron resolution upon request. Each actuator has a reliable fail-safe system that limits the compressive and tensile forces that can be applied to the mirror. The position-actuators meet all of the above technical specifications in both tension and compression.
The final mechanical structure of the large binocular telescope (LBT) has an innovative design in order to achieve the strict scientific and technical requirements. Some of the most critical subassemblies of the l
We describe the solutions adopted for the most important mechanical subsystems of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT, formerly Columbus Project), which is now in the phase of detailed design. We report in particular the design and the results of static and dynamic finite element analysis of the open telescope elevation structure, of the azimuth structure, of the cantilever swing arms supporting the auxiliary optics, and of the primary mirror cells.
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