In this paper, a new method is given for estimating strain in extrinsic, Fabry-Perot, interferometric (EFPI) fiber-optic
sensors under sinusoidal excitation at the sensor. The algorithm has a low complexity and is appropriate for low-cost
applications. It is an iterative search algorithm based upon a known, sinusoidal excitation and a mean-square-error
objective function. The algorithm provides an estimate of the maximum time-varying strain due to the excitation. It is
shown that, for a broad range of parameters, the algorithm converges to the global minima with a high degree of
probability. Empirical test results for two fiber-optic sensors with different gauge lengths along with corresponding
measurements from a resistive strain gauge are given and shown to compare very well.
A number of Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometer processing techniques have been demonstrated for use to extract gaugelength
measurements from optical detector output signals. These include: (1) an artificial Neural Network method, (2) a
direct phase synthesid method, and (3) an iterative search method. For applications where the processing is to be
performed with low-power hardware, co-located with the sensor, the hardware implementation architecture and
complexity become critical for a practical solution. In this paper, implementation complexity tradeoffs and comparisons
are given for various implementation architectures for each method with respect to each gauge-length estimate. Our
research considers complexity as measured in terms of the number of hardware-resident arithmetic operators, the total
number of arithmetic operations performed, and the data memory size. It is shown that accurate gauge-length estimates
are achievable with implementation architectures suitable for applications including low-power implementations and
scalable implementations.
Artificial neural networks are studied for use in estimating strain in extrinsic Fabry-Pérot interferometric sensors. These networks can require large memory spaces and a large number of calculations for implementation. We describe a modified neural network solution that is suitable for implementation on relatively low cost, low-power hardware. Moreover, we give strain estimates resulting from an implementation of the artificial neural network algorithm on an 8-bit 8051 processor with 64 kbytes of memory. For example, one of our results shows that for 2048 samples of the transmittance signal, the presented neural network algorithm requires around 24,622 floating point multiplies and 35,835 adds, and where the data and algorithm fit within the 64-kbyte memory.
This work aims at developing a compact and wireless structural health monitoring system (WSHM). The system samples
ultrasonic wave propagation data, analyzes the collected data using a statistical damage index (SDI) approach and
transmits the results to a remote location. The analysis provides an insight into the state of health of the structure under
test as a function of time. The approach is designed to overcome the complexity and variability of the signals in the
presence of damage as well as the geometric complexity of the structure, requiring minimal operator intervention. The
approach establishes a baseline drawn from measurements done on an undamaged or partially damaged structure. This
baseline is used to monitor for changes in the health of the structure. Damage indices are evaluated "instantly" by
comparisons between the frequency response of the monitored structure and an unknown damage under the same
ambient conditions. The approach is applied to identify several types of structural defects in steel girders and stiffened
composite panels for different arrangements of the ultrasonic source and the ultrasonic receivers. The objectives are to
deliver an early indication of the risk associated with the defect and to develop inspection and mitigation strategies to
manage the risk using detailed, local, nondestructive evaluation of the areas identified with possible defects. The
wireless data acquisition system and the automated data analysis tool developed under this work should improve the
reliability of the defects detection capability and aid in the development of near real-time health monitoring systems for
defects-critical structures.
Bonded composite repairs for the reinforcement of damaged aircraft structures are effective in extending the life of aging airframes. The structural integrity of the composite patch repair in terms of disbond, fracture at the bond-lines, delamination, and structural crack growth is to be investigated before the composite repair technology can be adopted by the aerospace industry. We have developed structural health monitoring techniques for locating, identifying, and quantifying damages using the changes in the dynamical response of the repaired structure. A signal-based health monitoring algorithms wavelet transforms, have been developed for monitoring the structural integrity of composite patches, which detects variations induced by small changes in the vibration signature of the repaired structure. In this paper, threshold wavelet maps and neural networks have been integrated to detect and quantify the damage (s) in the composite patch repairs. Neural networks are utilized to find the extent of the damage. This method is also capable of detecting multiple damages. The mode shapes are obtained analytically using finite element analysis and experimentally with laser vibrometer. We have also developed a wireless data acquisition system for collection, feature extraction, and transmission of vibration data. The results of the damage location and extent estimation in the composite patch repairs are satisfactory.
KEYWORDS: Field programmable gate arrays, Digital signal processing, Logic, Control systems, Signal processing, Matrices, Transform theory, Device simulation, Computing systems, Smart structures
Smart structural systems require control systems, which are integrated into structures, to be small, light weight and power-efficient. Re-configurable digital signal processing using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) is now preferred over Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) and Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) for high performance applications. The FPGAs, due to their re-programmable and dynamic nature, are more suitable in developing hardware implementations because several configurations can be tested and experimented easily without any additional hardware cost. Being small, lightweight and power-efficient, FPGAs are one of the best platforms for building controllers for smart structures. Distributed Arithmetic is a widely used technique for hardware efficient implementations of inner product between a fixed and a variable data vectors. The computational requirements of smart structural controller match this type very well. The objective of the research is to design easily configurable, stand-alone smart controller, which could be used for real-time control applications. Self-configurable controllers are implemented and tested on a cantilevered beam.
In recent years the electronics for developing sensor networks have become compact and cheaper. This has led to an interest in creating communities of distributed sensors that can collect and share data over a large area without being physically connected by wires. The Intelligent Systems Center at the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR) has for several years been using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and custom software to develop a system of stationary sensing nodes capable of pre processing their data locally and sharing processed data to produce global details. This distributed sensing and processing array is targeted for use in monitoring a wide variety of infrastructures. It has been laboratory tested for use in civil, automotive, and airframe monitoring. This paper is an overview of the technologies investigated and the level of functionality obtained from each hardware/sensor/target set. The current system consists of a web server, a central cluster and a collection of satellite clusters. The central cluster is a PC104 X 86 based computer with the satellite clusters being 8051 based single board computers. The satellite clusters are of the order 6 inch X 5 inch X 2 inch in size. There is an effort under way to place a short-range radio with a processor and a PZT sensor into a 2 inch X 1.5 inch X.5 inch package. Exercises have been carried out to demonstrate the ability of the central clusters to remotely control the satellite clusters and the web server's ability to control the central cluster. Further work is under way to integrate the entire system into a web server attached to the Internet and to a long distance communication device, currently employed is a cellular modem into the monitoring array. The web server communicates over standard phone lines to the central cluster, which is equipped with a cellular modem. The central cluster communicates with the satellite clusters using short-range wireless equipment. Proxim rangelan, Erickson Bluetooth, and Linx Technologies RF modules have all been tested as short-range wireless communication solutions. We have demonstrated a system that consists of a structure with an array of smart sensors, preprocess and collect data, and post this data on a web server for global inspection and manipulation. This will enable data sharing and collaborative data analysis to extend the knowledge of structural health monitoring.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Sensor networks, Data communications, Structural health monitoring, Data analysis, MATLAB, Algorithm development, Data acquisition, Transceivers, Damage detection
Wireless network sensors are being implemented for applications in transportation, manufacturing, security, and structural health monitoring. This paper describes an approach for data acquisition for damage detection in structures. The proposed Web-Controlled Wireless Network Sensors (WCWNS) is the integration of wireless network sensors and a web interface that allows easy remote access and operation from user-friendly HTML screens. The WCWNS is highly flexible in terms of functions and applications. Algorithms and tools for data analysis can be directly installed on and executed from the web server. This means WCWNS will have unlimited capabilities in performing data analysis. Data can be analyzed for damage detection either on site distributed amongst the intelligent sensors or off site either in the web server or at an end users location after downloading from the web server. This feature allows for a variety of health monitoring algorithms to be investigated by researchers of all backgrounds and abilities. In addition, both short-range and long-range communications devices handle data exchange and communications in WCWNS. The system can be setup to operate efficiently in any topological arrangement. Short-range communications devices facilitate fast and low-power local data transfer, while long-range communications devices support high quality long-distance data exchange. The proposed system is demonstrated on an experimental setup.
Robotic manipulators are beginning to be seen doing more tasks in our environment. Classical controls engineers have long known how to control these automated hands. They have failed to address the continued control of these devices after parts of the control infrastructure have failed. A failed motor or actuator in a manipulator decreases its range of motion and changes its control structure. Most failures however do not render the manipulator useless. This paper will discuss the use of a neural network to actively update the controller design as portions of a manipulator fail. Actuators can become stuck and later free themselves. Motors can lose range of motion or stop completely. Connecting arms can become bent or entangled. Results will be presented on the ability to maintain functionality through a variety of failure modes. The neural network is constructed and tested in a Matlab environment. This allows testing of several neural network techniques such as back propagation and temporal processing without the need to continually reconfigure target hardware. In this paper we will demonstrate that a modified ensemble of back propagation experts can be trained to control a robotic manipulator without the need to calculate the inverse kinematics equations. Further individual experts can be retrained online to allow for adaptive control through changing dynamics. This allows for manipulators to remain in service through failures in the manipulator infrastructure without the need for human intervention into control equations.
Structural health monitoring involves automated evaluation of the condition of the structural system based on measurements acquired from the structure during natural or controlled excitation. The data acquisition and the ensuring computations involved in the health monitoring process can quickly become prohibitively expensive with the increase in size of the structure under investigation. In this paper, we propose a distributed sensing and computation architecture for health monitoring of large structures. This architecture involves a central processing unit that communicates with several data communication and processing clusters paced on the structure by wireless means. With this architecture the computation and acquisition requirements on the central processing unit can be reduced. Two different hardware implementation of this architecture one involving RF communication links and the other utilizing commercial wireless cellular phone network are developed. A simple health monitoring experiment that uses neural network based pattern classification is carried out to show effectiveness of the architecture.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Smart structures, Smart sensors, Data communications, Analog electronics, Wireless communications, Signal processing, Matrices, Transceivers, Data conversion
Health monitoring of structural systems has gained a lot of interest in recent times. In this paper, we consider the wireless data acquisition for health monitoring of smart structures. Some of the work done towards development of micro sensors for wireless health monitoring of smart structures is presented. The concept of smart sensors is demonstrated with the help of commercially available micro controller and wireless Rx/Tx modules. Application of these smart sensors in health monitoring is also demonstrated on a laboratory set up. A subspace system identification method known as N4SID is used for getting the state space matrices of the nominal and the damaged systems. The concepts are demonstrated on simple test article. Finally, the future goals in the development of micro sensors are given.
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