SignificanceThe gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy (GASMAS) technique has the potential for continuous, clinical monitoring of preterm infant lung function, removing the need for X-ray diagnosis and reliance on indirect and relatively slow measurement of blood oxygenation.AimWe aim to determine the optimal source–detector configuration for reliable pathlength calculation and to estimate the oxygen gas concentration inside the lung cavities filled with humidified gas with four different oxygen gas concentrations ranging between 21% and 100%.ApproachAnthropomorphic optical phantoms of neonatal thorax with two different geometries were used to acquire GASMAS signals, for 30 source–detector configurations in transmittance and remittance geometry of phantoms in two sizes.ResultsThe results show that an internal light administration is more likely to provide a high GASMAS signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In general, better SNRs were obtained with the smaller set of phantoms. The values of pathlength and O2 concentrations calculated with signals from the phantoms with optical properties at 820 nm exhibit higher variations than signals from the phantoms with optical properties at 764 nm.ConclusionOur study shows that, by moving the source and detector over the thorax, most of the lung volumes can potentially be assessed using the GASMAS technique.
SignificanceWavelength selection from a large diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) dataset enables removal of spectral multicollinearity and thus leads to improved understanding of the feature domain. Feature selection (FS) frameworks are essential to discover the optimal wavelengths for tissue differentiation in DRS-based measurements, which can facilitate the development of compact multispectral optical systems with suitable illumination wavelengths for clinical translation.AimThe aim was to develop an FS methodology to determine wavelengths with optimal discriminative power for orthopedic applications, while providing the frameworks for adaptation to other clinical scenarios.ApproachAn ensemble framework for FS was developed, validated, and compared with frameworks incorporating conventional algorithms, including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and backward interval partial least squares (biPLS).ResultsVia the one-versus-rest binary classification approach, a feature subset of 10 wavelengths was selected from each framework yielding comparable balanced accuracy scores (PCA: 94.8 ± 3.47 % , LDA: 98.2 ± 2.02 % , biPLS: 95.8 ± 3.04 % , and ensemble: 95.8 ± 3.16 % ) to those of using all features (100%) for cortical bone versus the rest class labels. One hundred percent balanced accuracy scores were generated for bone cement versus the rest. Different feature subsets achieving similar outcomes could be identified due to spectral multicollinearity.ConclusionsWavelength selection frameworks provide a means to explore domain knowledge and discover important contributors to classification in spectroscopy. The ensemble framework generated a model with improved interpretability and preserved physical interpretation, which serves as the basis to determine illumination wavelengths in optical instrumentation design.
Respiratory and pulmonary illnesses such as respiratory distress syndrome and transient tachypnoea of the newborn are leading causes of death among newborns. These morbidities result in lung collapse and reduction in the lung gas volume. While these conditions can be treated using surfactant administration and supplemental oxygen, continuous feedback on the health of the lung during these procedures can be helpful in improving their efficiency and avoiding later complications. Optical techniques like GASMAS (Gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy) have shown considerable promise in this regard. The technique is non-invasive and non-ionizing and causes no short term or long term discomfort to the infant. It also allows for real time continuous monitoring of the oxygen content which is critical in a clinical setting. In this work, we discuss the results from a pilot clinical study performed at the INFANT Research Centre, Cork. A GASMAS device was used to measure the oxygen concentration of the lung in this healthy cohort of 100 healthy neonatal infants between 1 to 5 days of age. Lung oxygen concentration was measured at multiple locations and across multiple visits for each infant. The huge dataset allows us to understand the influence of different parameters such as the weight of the infant, chest circumference, location etc, on the instrument performance and recovered oxygen concentration. This information and understanding will set the stage for the next phase of the study which is aimed at a similar cohort of term and pre-term infants with respiratory morbidities.
Significance: Orthopedic surgery currently comprises over 1.5 million cases annually in the United States alone and is growing rapidly with aging populations. Emerging optical sensing techniques promise fewer side effects with new, more effective approaches aimed at improving patient outcomes following orthopedic surgery.
Aim: The aim of this perspective paper is to outline potential applications where fiberoptic-based approaches can complement ongoing development of minimally invasive surgical procedures for use in orthopedic applications.
Approach: Several procedures involving orthopedic and spinal surgery, along with the clinical challenge associated with each, are considered. The current and potential applications of optical sensing within these procedures are discussed and future opportunities, challenges, and competing technologies are presented for each surgical application.
Results: Strong research efforts involving sensor miniaturization and integration of optics into existing surgical devices, including K-wires and cranial perforators, provided the impetus for this perspective analysis. These advances have made it possible to envision a next-generation set of devices that can be rigorously evaluated in controlled clinical trials to become routine tools for orthopedic surgery.
Conclusions: Integration of optical devices into surgical drills and burrs to discern bone/tissue interfaces could be used to reduce complication rates across a spectrum of orthopedic surgery procedures or to aid less-experienced surgeons in complex techniques, such as laminoplasty or osteotomy. These developments present both opportunities and challenges for the biomedical optics community.
Significance: Gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy (GASMAS) enables noninvasive gas sensing in the body. It is developing as a tool for diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory conditions in neonates. Phantom models with relevant features to the clinical translation of GASMAS technology are necessary to understand technical challenges and potential applications of this technique. State-of-the-art phantoms designed for this purpose have focused on the optical properties and anthropomorphic geometry of the thorax, contributing to the source–detector placement, design, and optimization. Lung phantom mimicking the alveolar anatomy has not been included in the existent models due to the inherent complexity of the tissue. We present a simplified model that recreates inflated alveoli embedded in lung phantom.
Aim: The goal of this study was to build a lung model with air-filled structures mimicking inflated alveoli surrounded by optical phantom with accurate optical properties (μa = 0.50 cm − 1 and μs′=5.4 cm−1) and physiological parameters [37°C and 100% relative humidity (RH)], and to control the air volume within the phantom to demonstrate the feasibility of GASMAS in sensing changes in pulmonary air volume.
Approach: The lung model was built using a capillary structure with analogous size to alveolar units. Part of the capillaries were filled with liquid lung optical phantom to recreate scattering and absorption, whereas empty capillaries mimicked air filled alveoli. The capillary array was placed inside a custom-made chamber that maintained pulmonary temperature and RH. The geometry of the chamber permitted the placement of the laser head and detector of a GASMAS bench top system (MicroLab Dual O2 / H2O), to test the changes in volume of the lung model in transmittance geometry.
Results: The lung tissue model with air volume range from 6.89 × 10 − 7 m3 to 1.80 × 10 − 3 m3 was built. Two measurement sets, with 10 different capillary configurations each, were arranged to increase or decrease progressively (in steps of 3.93 × 10 − 8 m3) the air volume in the lung model. The respective GASMAS data acquisition was performed for both data sets. The maximum absorption signal was obtained for configurations with the highest number of air-filled capillaries and decreased progressively when the air spaces were replaced by capillaries filled with liquid optical phantom. Further studies are necessary to define the minimum and maximum volume of air that can be measured with GASMAS-based devices for different source–detector geometries.
Conclusions: The optical properties and the structure of tissue from the respiratory zone have been modeled using a simplified capillary array immersed in a controlled environment chamber at pulmonary temperature and RH. The feasibility of measuring volume changes with GASMAS technique has been proven, stating a new possible application of GASMAS technology in respiratory treatment and diagnostics.
Identifying diseases and evaluating tissue function and viability can be performed by subjective or objective methods. However, subjective techniques may be inaccurate and non-optical objective techniques may be relatively expensive and time-consuming. Then, these techniques may not be suitable for clinical applications that require immediate assessment and intervention. Fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) is one of the optical techniques with great potential for medical diagnostics and surgical guidance. This potential is associated to the possibility of label-free techniques biochemical sensitivity without contrast agents. For clinical applications, fluorescence can be used to assess biomolecular content of respiratory metabolism involving NAD(P)H and FAD. In addition, changes in collagen, elastin, porphyrin, pyridoxine, and tryptophan content can potentially be detected. One way to collect epifluorescence signals from superficial tissue layers is using ultraviolet (UV) excitation. In this study, we used UV excitation FS to investigate the effect of temperature variation (from 0 to 25 degrees Celsius) on tissue autofluorescence. The measurements reproducibility was assessed by variations of the spectral shape accounted by the calculation of the Pearson correlation coefficient for each pair of measurements. Overall, fluorescence measurements were more reproducible at 25°C compared to 0°C. Liver showed lowest fluorescence variability (most homogeneous organ) regarding results from both 300 nm and 340 nm excitations. We report temperature and wavelength-dependent spectral changes due to the tissue thawing by calculating the difference between normalized UVEFS measurements at 0°C and 25°C. Observed differences may be attributed to blood absorption and NADH fluorescence emission. Our results can be used to increase the database of tissue fluorescence spectra using UV excitation for future reference to choose targeted wavelengths in fluorescence instrumentation. Furthermore, our study illustrates expected fluorescence variations during the assessment of organs viability for transplantation, especially due to cold preservation.
The development of photomedical modalities for diagnostics and treatment has created a need for knowledge of the optical properties of the targeted biological tissues. These properties are essential to plan certain procedures, since they determine the light absorption, propagation and penetration in tissues. One way to measure these properties is based on diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). DRS can provide light absorption and scattering coefficients for each wavelength through a non-invasive, fast and in situ interrogation, and thereby tissue biochemical information. In this study, reflectance measurements of ex vivo mice organs were investigated in a wavelength range between 350 and 1860 nm. To the best of our knowledge, this range is broader than previous studies reported in the literature and is useful to study additional chromophores with absorption in the extended wavelength range. Also, it may provide a more accurate concentration of tissue chromophores when fitting the reflectance spectrum in this extended range. In order to extract these concentrations, optical properties were calculated in a wide spectral range through a fitting routine based on an inverse Monte-Carlo look-up table model. Measurements variability was assessed by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficients between each pair of measured spectra of the same type of organ.
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