Talbot cavity is passive method to synchronize the phase of array lasers. Because the Talbot cavity does not need any electrical feedback systems, we believe that Talbot cavity is the most suitable technique to combine a considerable number of laser array into a compact system. A well-known drawback of the Talbot cavity is that it can produce out-phased array and their far-field image has 2-peak profile. To solve this drawback, we developed a frequency doubled laser array based on intra-Talbot-cavity second harmonic generation. Basic concept is second harmonic generation of the out-phased array generated from the Talbot cavity. Because the second harmonic wave is generated proportionally to the square of the fundamental wave, out-phase flips to in-phase. Our Talbot cavity is composed of a pumping 808-nm laser diode array with 15 emitters, an Nd:YVO4 planar waveguide, a PPLN planar waveguide, an f =10 cylindrical lens, and an output coupler (high reflection for 1064 nm and high transition to 532 nm). The pump laser beams are directly launched into the Nd:YVO4. The fundamental wave (1064 nm) oscillates between the Nd:YVO4 and the output coupler and generates second harmonic wave (532 nm) at the PPLN placed next to the Nd:YVO4. The round-trip optical path of the cavity length is set to 1/2 Talbot length so that Talbot cavity forms for the fundamental wave. As a result, we obtained 1-peak far-field image of second harmonic wave from the intra-Talbot-cavity second harmonic generation.
Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing (SSTF) multiphoton microscopy offers us widefield imaging with sectioning ability. As extending the idea to 2D SSTF, people can utilize a 2D spectral disperser. In this study, we use a 2D spectral disperser via a virtually-imaged phased-array (VIPA) and a diffraction grating to fulfill the back aperture of objective lens with a spectrum matrix. This offers us an axial resolution enhanced by a factor of ~1.7 compared with conventional SSTF microscopy. Furthermore, the small free spectral range (FSR) of VIPA will reduce the temporal self-imaging effect around out-of-focus region and thus will reduce the out-of-focus multiphoton excited fluorescence (MPEF) signal of 2D SSTF microscopy. We experimentally show that inside a sample with dense MPEF, the contrast of the sectioning image is increased in our 2D SSTF microscope compared with SSTF microscope. In our microscope, we use a 1 kHz chirped amplification laser, a piezo stage and a sCMOS camera integrated with 2D SSTF to realize high speed volume imaging at a speed of 50 volumes per second as well as improved sectioning ability. Volume imaging of Brownian motions of fluorescent beads as small as 1μm has been demonstrated. Not only the lateral motion but also the axial motion could be traced.
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