SignificanceCompressed sensing (CS) uses special measurement designs combined with powerful mathematical algorithms to reduce the amount of data to be collected while maintaining image quality. This is relevant to almost any imaging modality, and in this paper we focus on CS in photoacoustic projection imaging (PAPI) with integrating line detectors (ILDs).AimOur previous research involved rather general CS measurements, where each ILD can contribute to any measurement. In the real world, however, the design of CS measurements is subject to practical constraints. In this research, we aim at a CS-PAPI system where each measurement involves only a subset of ILDs, and which can be implemented in a cost-effective manner.ApproachWe extend the existing PAPI with a self-developed CS unit. The system provides structured CS matrices for which the existing recovery theory cannot be applied directly. A random search strategy is applied to select the CS measurement matrix within this class for which we obtain exact sparse recovery.ResultsWe implement a CS PAPI system for a compression factor of 4:3, where specific measurements are made on separate groups of 16 ILDs. We algorithmically design optimal CS measurements that have proven sparse CS capabilities. Numerical experiments are used to support our results.ConclusionsCS with proven sparse recovery capabilities can be integrated into PAPI, and numerical results support this setup. Future work will focus on applying it to experimental data and utilizing data-driven approaches to enhance the compression factor and generalize the signal class.
KEYWORDS: Acquisition tracking and pointing, Sensors, Spatial resolution, Photoacoustic tomography, Signal detection, Point spread functions, Linear filtering, Data acquisition, Acoustics, Signal attenuation
We investigate resolution in photoacoustic tomography (PAT). Using Shannon theory, we investigate the theoretical resolution limit of sparse view PAT theoretically, and empirically demonstrate that all reconstruction methods used exceed this limit.
We present a prototype for all-optical photoacoustic projection imaging. By generating projection images, photoacoustic information of large volumes can be retrieved with less effort compared to common photoacoustic computed tomography where many detectors and/or multiple measurements are required. In our approach, an array of 60 integrating line detectors is used to acquire photoacoustic waves. The line detector array consists of fiber-optic MachZehnder interferometers, distributed on a cylindrical surface. From the measured variation of the optical path lengths of the interferometers, induced by photoacoustic waves, a photoacoustic projection image can be reconstructed. The resulting images represent the projection of the three-dimensional spatial light absorbance within the imaged object onto a two-dimensional plane, perpendicular to the line detector array. The fiber-optic detectors achieve a noise-equivalent pressure of 24 Pascal at a 10 MHz bandwidth. We present the operational principle, the structure of the array, and resulting images. The system can acquire high-resolution projection images of large volumes within a short period of time. Imaging large volumes at high frame rates facilitates monitoring of dynamic processes.
In this work we present photoacoustic projection imaging with a 64-channel integrating line detector array, which average the pressure over cylindrical surfaces. For imaging, the line detectors are arranged parallel to each other on a cylindrical surface surrounding a specimen. Thereby, the three-dimensional imaging problem is reduced to a twodimensional problem, facilitating projection imaging. After acquisition of a dataset of pressure signals, a twodimensional photoacoustic projection image is reconstructed. The 64 channel line detector array is realized using optical fibers being part of interferometers. The parts of the interferometers used to detect the ultrasonic pressure waves consist of graded-index polymer-optical fibers (POFs), which exhibit better sensitivity than standard glass-optical fibers. Ultrasonic waves impinging on the POFs change the phase of light in the fiber-core due to the strain-optic effect. This phase shifts, representing the pressure signals, are demodulated using high-bandwidth balanced photo-detectors. The 64 detectors are optically multiplexed to 16 detection channels, thereby allowing fast imaging. Results are shown on a Rhodamine B dyed microsphere.
We introduce a multichannel optical fiber based detector for photoacoustic imaging. By using in-house produced
photodetectors and relative low-cost components from telecommunication industries we were able to reduce the costs for
one channel significantly compared to previous setups. The estimated cost for one channel (without sampling device) is
below 800 €. The self-made balanced photodetector for 1550 nm achieves a gain of 100 dB, a -3dB bandwidth of 45
MHz and a maximum signal-to-noise-ratio of 48 dB. We present a four channel annular detector array based on optical
fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Photoacoustic imaging is demonstrated by measuring photoacoustic signals of a
black polyethylene microsphere.
For photoacoustic imaging detectors which provide high spatial resolution while being highly sensitive are essential.
Integrating line detectors made of single mode polymer fibers achieve these requirements. In this paper
several approaches and preliminary experiments for single mode polymer fiber line detectors are presented. Operation
point stabilization by utilizing a fiber-based phase shifter is shown as well as results using different fiber
couplers in the setup.
Photoacoustic imaging is an upcoming technique in the field of biomedical imaging. Our group introduced fiber-based
line detectors, which are used to acquire broad-band ultrasonic signals, several years ago. Up to now operating point
stabilization of fiber-based line detectors was realized by tuning the wavelength of the detection laser. This is, because
of the high costs, not applicable for parallel detection. An alternative stabilization method, the change of the optical path
length, is presented in this paper. Changing of the optical path length is realized by stretching the fiber with
piezoelectric tubes. Fringe patterns and operation point stabilization of both stabilization schemes are compared. Next,
signal detection utilizing a polymer optical fiber in a Mach-Zehnder and Fabry-Perot interferometer is demonstrated,
and the influence of the detection wavelength (633nm and 1550nm) is examined. Finally, two-dimensional imaging by
utilizing a perfluorinated polymer fiber is demonstrated.
Photoacoustic Imaging is an emerging imaging technology mainly for biology and medicine which combines
the advantages of diffuse optical imaging (high contrast) and ultrasonic imaging (high spatial resolution). A
short laser pulse excites the sample. The absorbed energy causes thermoelastic expansion and thereby launches
broadband ultrasonic waves. For collecting these waves we introduced integrating line detectors which integrate
the pressure along one direction. A fiber-based approach was realized using an interferometer integrated either
in glass fibers or polymer fibers. In this work we present the proof of principle of this approach.
Photoacoustic imaging is a novel imaging method for medical and biological applications, combining the advantages
of Diffuse Optical Imaging (high contrast) and Ultrasonic Imaging (high spatial resolution). A short laser
pulse hits the sample. The absorbed energy causes a thermoelastic expansion and thereby launches a broadband
ultrasonic wave (photoacoustic signal). The distribution of absorbed energy density is reconstructed from
measurements of the photoacoustic signals around the sample. For collecting photoacoustic signals either point
like or extended, integrating detectors can be used. The latter integrate the pressure at least in one dimension,
e.g. along a line. Thereby, the three dimensional imaging problem is reduced to a two dimensional problem.
For a tomography device consisting of a scanning line detector and a rotating sample, fiber-based detectors
made of polymer have been recently introduced. Fiber-based detectors are easy to use and possess a constant,
high spatial resolution over their entire active length. Polymer fibers provide a better impedance matching and
a better handling compared with glass fibers which were our first approach. First measurement results using
polymer fiber detectors and some approaches for improving the performance are presented.
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