Fiber optic-based sensing for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring of various infrastructure and energy assets is an increasingly important sensing scheme. Because of their immunity to electromagnetic interferences, versatility in sensing mechanisms and designs as well as capability for distributed sensing, the fiber optic sensing is of great interest for embedding within infrastructures using advanced manufacturing methods. However, the protection of fiber optic sensors during advanced manufacturing-based embedding is an important aspect for infrastructure monitoring in practice. While successful installation of fiber optic sensors has been accomplished through application of epoxy or adhesives on infrastructure surfaces, there has been only limited investigation of fiber protection packaging schemes which are compatible with in-situ repair techniques such as the metallic cold-spray. With increasing interest and importance of cold spray-based repair processes, the integration of fiber optic sensors simultaneously during the repair is equally important. In this work, we focus our efforts on investigating various types of packaging schemes for their compatibility and integrability on the surfaces of metallic structures such as oil and gas pipelines during an insitu repair coating. First, we consider sandblasting using silica sand particles of various size for optical fibers on the surface of a metallic coupon as a useful proxy test of sensor packaging stability. Structural damage of packaging is characterized by means of optical microscopy and the optical integrity of embedded fiber optic cables is examined using optical backscatter reflectometry (OBR). In addition, initial investigation of metallic cold-spray embedded fiber optic cables under various packaging on metallic substrates is also considered with early conclusions and future directions.
Optical fiber-based sensors show unique advantages for high temperature and harsh environment sensing, with off-the-shelf silica fibers being relevant for application environments at temperatures approaching approximately 800oC. Through the integration of oxide-based sensing layers with the optical fiber platform in an evanescent field sensing approach, the optical response of a sensing layer which is modified in response to changing ambient conditions can be directly correlated to the sensor environment. Numerous deposition techniques have been explored in prior publications including sol-gel based wet chemistry deposition and sputtering. As an alternative, atomic layer deposition (ALD) allows for deposition of high quality, nanometer-scale thin films and is uniquely suited for coating of optical fiber-based sensors due to a lack of directionality during the deposition process and compatibility with scalable coating of optical fiber samples. In the current publication, ALD coated TiO2 sensing layers are demonstrated to show a pronounced optical absorption in the visible range which depends upon subsequent processing temperatures and chemical environments. More specifically, the ALD deposition conditions result in the formation of initially amorphous TiO2 layers which show a broad absorption band across the visible range due to the amorphous structure. A reversible temperature dependent response is observed, and above a critical temperature (~400-500°C), crystallization of the TiO2 results in an irreversible change in optical absorption with a sharpened absorption peak associated with the band edge for which the temperature dependence is consistent with prior experiments and theoretical results. Following crystallization of the initially amorphous TiO2 layer, a strong and stable H2 sensing response is also demonstrated for H2 concentrations of various levels ranging from 0-3.9% H2 in nitrogen balance, and at temperatures up to 800°C. Particularly attractive responses are shown in the telecom wavelengths (1550 nm) indicating potential application for distributed sensing with commercially available techniques.
Real-time pH monitoring of cement can improve maintenance schedules and predict early failures for wellbores, which is beneficial for wellbore integrity monitoring in oil and gas production and carbon dioxide sequestration. Metal oxideenabled fiber optic pH sensors offer a solution for real-time distributed pH monitoring at high temperature high pressure conditions in the wellbores, and such harsh conditions disable many other pH sensing techniques. Our previous investigation revealed that a fiber optic sensor with sol-gel coated titanium oxide (TiO2) is capable of pH sensing in the high alkaline range at 80 °C, relevant for the wellbore cement conditions. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) approach provides uniform conformal films on complex surfaces, which could enhance the TiO2 film stability on the optical fiber. This work presents detailed characterization and testing of ALD TiO2 thin films for pH sensing by measuring the pHdependent transmission of the coated fiber optic sensors at room temperature and 80 °C. ALD TiO2 has demonstrated enhanced sensing performance compared to sol-gel TiO2 in terms of sensitivity, reversibility, and stability.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.