KEYWORDS: Solar cells, Photovoltaics, Solar energy, Quantum wells, Energy efficiency, Semiconductors, Heterojunctions, Thermodynamics, Electrons, Luminescence
In single junction solar cells a large part of the incident energy ends up as heat which limits their maximum achievable efficiency. Thus the achievement of maximum power conversion efficiencies relies on complex multijunction devices. Here we show the possibility to harvest the available solar energy using hot carrier devices and evidence a positive contribution of the hot carrier effect on photovoltaic performances. We investigated a semiconductor heterostructure based on a single InGaAsP quantum well using quantitative optoelectrical characterization, especially luminance measurements. The quantitative thermodynamic study of the hot carrier population allows us to discuss the hot carrier contribution to the solar cell performance. We demonstrate that voltage and current are enhanced due to the presence of the hot carrier population in the quantum well. These experimental results substantiate the potential of increasing photovoltaic performances in the hot carrier regime.
Moreover, by developing a suitable analytic theoretical framework, we show how to obtain separate (hot) temperatures of electrons and holes from photoluminescence spectra analysis. The individual thermalization coefficients of each carrier type are also discussed. The method developed in this article paves the way towards the design of new energy harvesting devices and to the development of advanced characterization tools.
Finaly, to increase the PV performance enhancement and reduce the concentration factor, an optimize design is investigated.
Hot-carrier solar cells (HCSC) can potentially overcome the Shockley-Queisser limit, by having carriers at a higher temperature than the lattice. To this end, the carriers need to thermalize slower than power is generated by absorbing photons. In thin films, a hot-carrier distribution can only be achieved with very high incident power, by saturating the thermalization channels. Ultra-thin absorbers have a smaller thermalization rate, due to fewer channels. However, they typically absorb only a limited amount of light, which prevents them from reaching high efficiencies. Light trapping is an excellent way to increase significantly the amount of light absorbed in an ultra-thin material. Yet, studies on the coupling between light trapping and hot carriers are still lacking, due to the complexity of the whole system. We analyze numerically and experimentally how light trapping can enable high-efficiency HCSC. This manuscript presents the progress towards the experimental demonstration of the enhancement of the hot-carrier effect with light trapping. 280 nm-thick devices have successfully been reported on a gold mirror using epitaxial lift-off (ELO) and gold-gold bonding. These devices have been characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Hot carriers with a temperature 37 K above lattice temperature were measured, in accordance with theoretical predictions. We are now working towards the ELO of absorbers 10 times thinner, on which we will implement light trapping to increase the carrier temperature.
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