We observed a significant enhancement in light output from GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in which two-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) patterns were integrated. We approached two types PC LEDs. One is top loaded PC LEDs. The PC patterns were generated on the top p-GaN layer. The other is bottom loaded PC LEDs. In this LEDs, PC patterns were integrated on the sapphire substrate. Two dimensional square-lattice air-hole array patterns, whose period was varied between 300 and 700nm, were generated by laser holography. Unlike the commonly utilized electron-beam lithographic technique, the holographic method can make patterns over a large area with high throughput. The resultant PC-LED devices with a pattern period of ~500nm had more than double the output power. The experimental observations are qualitatively consistent with three-dimensional finite-difference-time-domain simulation results.
The efficiency of a conventional light emitting diode (LED) is limited by coupling of light into guided modes in the structure. Several methods to increase the extraction efficiency of nitride based LEDs are studied from the perspective of the patterned structures in LEDs. The patterned structures are made in the interface between a semiconductor and a sapphire substrate and on the surface of a semiconductor or an indium tin oxide electrode. All of these approaches show an increased light output compared to that of reference samples, which means these kinds of scattering sources are inevitable to make a highly efficient light emitter in nitride-based semiconductor system.
Illumination of metal nanoparticles at the plasmon resonance produces enhanced evanescent fields on the nanoparticles’ surfaces. The unusual strength of the field make it a target for exploring photoinduced phenomena at the nanoscale, if efficient functionalization or coating of the nanoparticle surface with appropriate chromophores is possible. One direction is to use cyanine dyes that form monolayers of J-aggregates on the surface of noble metal nanoparticle colloids. The unique, collective electronic properties of J-aggregates produce excitons with enormous
extinction coefficients that are of interest for their efficient energy transfer, electron transfer, and nonlinear optical
properties. In that vein, we report our results on time-resolved spectroscopy and near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) of J-aggregate exciton dynamics on Ag and Au nanoparticle colloids. Ultrafast transient absorption studies show that J-aggregate exciton lifetimes on Ag nanoparticles are much longer than on Au nanoparticles, with a 300 ps lifetime that is two orders of magnitude longer than the electronic processes in the nanoparticles themselves. Complementary NSOM studies of the colloids show that fluorescence from the J-aggregates on the Ag nanoparticles is induced by the scanning probe. These results may be significant for improving
the nanophotonic performance of hybrid materials for nanoscale applications.
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