In recent decades, remote sensing of vegetation by hyperspectral imaging has been of great interest. An important part in interpreting the remotely sensed spectral data is played by simulators, which approximate the connection between plants’ biophysical and biochemical properties and detected spectral response. We introduce improvements and new features to recently published hyperspectral leaf model HyperBlend. We present two methods for increasing simulation speed of the model up to 200 times faster with slight decrease in simulation accuracy. We integrate the well-known PROSPECT leaf model into HyperBlend allowing us to use the PROSPECT parametrization for leaf simulation. For the first time, we show that HyperBlend generalizes well and can be used to accurately simulate a wide variety of plant leaf spectra. HyperBlend is available as an open-source Python project under MIT license in a GitHub repository available at: https://github.com/silmae/hyperblend.
In October 2024, European Space Agency’s Hera mission will be launched, targeting the binary asteroid Didymos. Hera will host the Juventas and Milani CubeSats, the first CubeSats to orbit close to a small celestial body performing scientific and technological operations. The primary scientific payload of the Milani CubeSat is the SWIR, NIR, and VIS imaging spectrometer ASPECT. The Milani mission objectives include mapping the global composition and the characterization of the binary asteroid surface. Onboard data processing and evaluation steps will be applied due to the limited data budget for the downlink to Earth and to perform the technological demonstration of a novel semi-autonomous hyperspectral imaging mission. Before downloading, the image data is evaluated in terms of sharpness and coverage and processed by compression. The challenges and their proposed solutions for the data processing part of the mission are investigated through studies. Since most noise contributors are unknown until Milani is activated, different noises are studied based on previous missions and derived from hyperspectral images taken in a laboratory environment mimicking the real-life situation. The hyperspectral camera technology in the laboratory is similar to the one used in the ASPECT imager payload. Both ASPECT and the imagers utilized in our measurements are based on employing a Fabry-Pérot interferometer as an adjustable transmission filter. The imagers are also designed and built by the same party, the Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT). Best performing denoising techniques for each noise type are discussed on the one hand for the entire datacubes and on the other hand for the spatial domain only since the mission includes images taken only at specific wavebands. The advantage of applying denoising for the whole datacube comes from the internal dependencies between the wavebands, allowing efficient processing. A trade-off study for several noise reduction algorithms is presented. The goal is to implement efficient image processing algorithms with low computational complexity, securing the successful execution of the mission.
The compositions of asteroids are of interest for the planetary sciences, mining, and planetary defense. The main method for evaluating these compositions is reflectance spectroscopy. Spectroscopic measurements performed from Earth can not resolve how different materials are distributed on the asteroids, making flyby-- and rendezvous missions necessary for obtaining detailed information. Using the CubeSat platform could reduce the costs of these missions, but it also sets constraints on the payload mass and volume. One small and light instrument capable of producing spatially resolved spectral data is a hyperspectral imager based on the Fabry-Perot interferometer. We propose a method of calculating reflectance data from hyperspectral radiance images of an asteroid and a computationally evaluated incident spectral radiance. The proposed method was tested in laboratory conditions with inconclusive results. The obtained reflectances differed from reference measurements, but we believe this was caused by improper calibration of the used imager rather than errors in the method itself.
A hyperspectral (HS) image is typically a stack of frames, where each frame represents the intensity of a different wavelength of light. Each spatial pixel has a spectrum. In the classification of the HS image, each spectrum is classified pixel-by-pixel. In some of the real-time applications, the amount of the HS image data causes performance challenges. Those issues relate to the platforms (e.g. drones) payload restrictions, the issues of the available energy and to the complexity of the machine learning models. In this study, we introduce the minimal learning machine (MLM) as a computationally cheap training and classification machine learning method for the hyperspectral imaging classification. MLM is a distance-based method that utilizes mapping between input and and output distances. Input distance is a distance between the training set and its subset R. Output distance is corresponding distances between the label values of the training set and the subset R. We propose a training point selection framework, which reduces the number of data points in the R by selecting the points class-by-class, in the direction of the principal components of each class. We test MLM’s performance against four other classification machine learning methods: Random Forest, Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machine and Nearest Neighbours classifier with three known hyper- spectral data sets. As the main outcomes, we will show how the performance is affected by the size of the subset R. We compare our subset selection method MLM’s performance to the random selection MLM’s perfor- mance. Results show that MLM is an computationally efficient way to train large training sets. MLM reduces the complexity of the analysis and provides computational benefits against other models. Proposed framework offers tools that can improve the MLM’s classification time and the accuracy rate compared to the MLM with randomly picked training points.
KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Cancer, Neural networks, RGB color model, Tumor growth modeling, Microscopes, FDA class I medical device development, In vitro testing, Data modeling, Image classification
New increasingly complex in vitro cancer cell models are being developed. These new models seem to represent the cell behavior in vivo more accurately and have better physiological relevance than prior models. An efficient testing method for selecting the most optimal drug treatment does not exist to date. One proposed solution to the problem involves isolation of cancer cells from the patients’ cancer tissue, after which they are exposed to potential drugs alone or in combinations to find the most optimal medication. To achieve this goal, methods that can efficiently quantify and analyze changes in tested cell are needed. Our study aimed to detect and segment cells and structures from cancer cell cultures grown on vascular structures in phase-contrast microscope images using U-Net neural networks to enable future drug efficacy assessments. We cultivated prostate carcinoma cell lines PC3 and LNCaP on the top of a matrix containing vascular structures. The cells were imaged with a Cell-IQ phase-contrast microscope. Automatic analysis of microscope images could assess the efficacy of tested drugs. The dataset included 36 RGB images and ground-truth segmentations with mutually not exclusive classes. The used method could distinguish vascular structures, cells, spheroids, and cell matter around spheroids in the test images. Some invasive spikes were also detected, but the method could not distinguish the invasive cells in the test images.
Skin cancers are a world wide deathly health problem, where significant life and cost savings could be achieved if detection of cancer can be done in early phase. Hypespectral imaging is prominent tool for non-invasive screening. In this study we compare how use of both spectral and spatial domain increase classification performance of convolutional neural networks. We compare five different neural network architectures for real patient data. Our models gain same or slightly better positive predictive value as clinicians. Towards more general and reliable model more data is needed and collection of training data should be systematic.
Recent development in compact, lightweight hyperspectral imagers have enabled UAV-based remote sensing with reasonable costs. We used small hyperspectral imager based on Fabry-Perot interferometer for monitoring small freshwater area in southern Finland. In this study we shortly describe the utilized technology and the field studies performed. We explain processing pipeline for gathered spectral data and introduce target detection-based algorithm for estimating levels of algae, aquatic chlorophyll and turbidity in freshwater. Certain challenges we faced are pointed out.
Fast and safe detection methods of explosive substances are needed both before and after actualized explosions. This article presents an experiment of the detection of three selected explosives by the ATR FTIR spectrometer and by three different IR hyperspectral imaging devices. The IR spectrometers give accurate analyzing results, whereas hyperspectral imagers can detect and analyze desired samples without touching the unidentified target at all. In the controlled explosion experiment TNT, dynamite and PENO were at first analyzed as pure substances with the ATR FTIR spectrometer and with VNIR, SWIR and MWIR cameras. After three controlled explosions also the residues of TNT, dynamite and PENO were analyzed with the same IR devices. The experiments were performed in arctic outdoor conditions and the residues were collected on ten different surfaces. In the measurements the spectra of all three explosives were received as pure substances with all four IR devices. Also the explosion residues of TNT were found on cotton with the IR spectrometer and with VNIR, SWIR and MWIR hyperspectral imagers. All measurements were made directly on the test materials which had been placed on the explosion site and were collected for the analysis after each blast. Measurements were made with the IR spectrometer also on diluted sample. Although further tests are suggested, the results indicate that the IR spectrography is a potential detection method for explosive subjects, both as pure substances and as post-blast residues.
Hyperspectral imaging is a potential noninvasive technology for detecting, separating and identifying various substances. In the forensic and military medicine and other CBRNE related use it could be a potential method for analyzing blood and for scanning other human based fluids. For example, it would be valuable to easily detect whether some traces of blood are from one or more persons or if there are some irrelevant substances or anomalies in the blood. This article represents an experiment of separating four persons' blood stains on a white cotton fabric with a SWIR hyperspectral camera and FT-NIR spectrometer. Each tested sample includes standardized 75 _l of 100 % blood. The results suggest that on the basis of the amount of erythrocytes in the blood, different people's blood might be separable by hyperspectral analysis. And, referring to the indication given by erythrocytes, there might be a possibility to find some other traces in the blood as well. However, these assumptions need to be verified with wider tests, as the number of samples in the study was small. According to the study there also seems to be several biological, chemical and physical factors which affect alone and together on the hyperspectral analyzing results of blood on fabric textures, and these factors need to be considered before making any further conclusions on the analysis of blood on various materials.
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland has developed Tunable Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) based miniaturized
hyperspectral imager which can be operated from light weight Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). The concept of the
hyperspectral imager has been published in the SPIE Proc. 7474, 8174 and 8374. This instrument requires dedicated
laboratory and on-board calibration procedures which are described. During summer 2012 extensive UAV
Hyperspectral imaging campaigns in the wavelength range 400 - 900 nm at resolution range 10 - 40 nm @ FWHM were
performed to study forest inventory, crop biomass and nitrogen distributions and environmental status of natural water
applications. The instrument includes spectral band limiting filters which can be used for the on-board wavelength scale
calibration by scanning the FPI pass band center wavelength through the low and high edge of the operational
wavelength band. The procedure and results of the calibration tests will be presented. A short summary of the performed
extensive UAV imaging campaign during summer 2012 will be presented.
Different remote sensing methods for detecting variations in agricultural fields have been studied in last two decades.
There are already existing systems for planning and applying e.g. nitrogen fertilizers to the cereal crop fields. However,
there are disadvantages such as high costs, adaptability, reliability, resolution aspects and final products dissemination.
With an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based airborne methods, data collection can be performed cost-efficiently with
desired spatial and temporal resolutions, below clouds and under diverse weather conditions. A new Fabry-Perot
interferometer based hyperspectral imaging technology implemented in an UAV has been introduced. In this research,
we studied the possibilities of exploiting classified raster maps from hyperspectral data to produce a work task for a
precision fertilizer application. The UAV flight campaign was performed in a wheat test field in Finland in the summer
of 2012. Based on the campaign, we have classified raster maps estimating the biomass and nitrogen contents at
approximately stage 34 in the Zadoks scale. We combined the classified maps with farm history data such as previous
yield maps. Then we generalized the combined results and transformed it to a vectorized zonal task map suitable for farm
machinery. We present the selected weights for each dataset in the processing chain and the resultant variable rate
application (VRA) task. The additional fertilization according to the generated task was shown to be beneficial for the
amount of yield. However, our study is indicating that there are still many uncertainties within the process chain.
Hyperspectral imaging based precise fertilization is challenge in the northern Europe, because of the cloud conditions. In this paper we will introduce schemes for the biomass and nitrogen content estimations from hyperspectral images. In this research we used the Fabry-Perot interferometer based hypespectral imager that enables hyperspectral imaging from lightweight UAVs. During the summers 2011 and 2012 imaging and flight campaigns were carried out on the Finnish test field. Estimation mehtod uses features from linear and non-linear unmixing and vegetation indices. The results showed that the concept of small hyperspectral imager, UAV and data analysis is ready to operational use.
Detecting invisible details and separating mixed evidence is critical for forensic inspection. If this can be done reliably
and fast at the crime scene, irrelevant objects do not require further examination at the laboratory. This will speed up the
inspection process and release resources for other critical tasks. This article reports on tests which have been carried out
at the University of Jyväskylä in Finland together with the Central Finland Police Department and the National Bureau of
Investigation for detecting and separating forensic details with hyperspectral technology. In the tests evidence was sought
after at an assumed violent burglary scene with the use of VTT's 500-900 nm wavelength VNIR camera, Specim's 400-
1000 nm VNIR camera, and Specim's 1000-2500 nm SWIR camera. The tested details were dried blood on a ceramic
plate, a stain of four types of mixed and absorbed blood, and blood which had been washed off a table. Other examined
details included untreated latent fingerprints, gunshot residue, primer residue, and layered paint on small pieces of wood.
All cameras could detect visible details and separate mixed paint. The SWIR camera could also separate four types of
human and animal blood which were mixed in the same stain and absorbed into a fabric. None of the cameras could
however detect primer residue, untreated latent fingerprints, or blood that had been washed off. The results are
encouraging and indicate the need for further studies. The results also emphasize the importance of creating optimal
imaging conditions into the crime scene for each kind of subjects and backgrounds.
In this paper we consider methods for estimating forest tree stem volumes by species using images taken from
light unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Instead of using LiDAR and additional multiband imagery a color
infrared camera mounted to a light UAS is used to acquire both imagery and the DSM of target area. The goal
of this study is to accurately estimate tree stem volumes in three classes. The status of the ongoing work is
described and an initial method for delineating and classifying treetops is presented.
A novel way to produce biomass estimation will offer possibilities for precision farming. Fertilizer prediction maps
can be made based on accurate biomass estimation generated by a novel biomass estimator. By using this knowledge,
a variable rate amount of fertilizers can be applied during the growing season. The innovation consists of light UAS, a
high spatial resolution camera, and VTT's novel spectral camera. A few properly selected spectral wavelengths with
NIR images and point clouds extracted by automatic image matching have been used in the estimation. The spectral
wavelengths were chosen from green, red, and NIR channels.
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