KEYWORDS: Fiber lasers, L band, Rayleigh scattering, Optical fibers, Laser frequency, Single mode fibers, Random lasers, Laser scattering, Laser damage threshold, Signal to noise ratio
We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a tunable L-band narrow-linewidth Brillouin random fiber laser (BRFL) in a half-open ring cavity with Brillouin gain medium of 10-km single mode fiber (SMF) as well as distributed Rayleigh feedback provided by another 20-km SMF. With a low laser threshold of 6.8mW, the proposed laser can realize cavity-mode-free lasing resonance at a wavelength of 1576.08nm, indicating good single-frequency lasing operation. Compared with the Brillouin pump, the frequency noise (FN) of the proposed laser is significantly suppressed by around 30dB, benefiting from randomly distributed Rayleigh scattering along SMF. An ultra-narrow laser linewidth of 400.8Hz is also obtained with a pump/Stokes laser linewidth compression ratio of 87.5, which coincides with theoretical prediction. When the wavelength of the proposed laser is tuned from 1568.08nm to 1576.08nm, sub-kHz random lasers with cavity mode free lasing resonance achieves high optical signal-to-noise ratio (ONSR) operation. The proposed laser source with good tunability has great potentials for practical applications in future advanced optical communication and sensing.
With the advancement of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and interventional therapy robots, the lack of direct perception of the contact force between interventional instruments and human blood vessels and tissues by physicians often leads to surgical complications or suboptimal treatment outcomes. Therefore, the development of miniature force sensors for instrument tips has become a hot research topic. This paper introduces a fiber-optic flexible force sensor based on Fabry- Pérot interference (FPI), which can be integrated into the tip of guidewires used in minimally invasive surgery. The performance of the designed sensor was validated through simulations and experiments, demonstrating its excellent capabilities. The results indicate the potential of this sensor for real-time force monitoring in minimally invasive interventions.
We reported a narrow-linewidth Brillouin fiber swept laser in a half-open ring cavity based on Brillouin gain medium of a 100-m high nonlinearity fiber (HNLF) as well as distributed Rayleigh random feedback from 1-km single mode fiber (SMF). Thanks to Rayleigh-assistant random lasing resonance, the proposed Stokes laser realizes SLM frequency sweeping radiation as a swept Brillouin pump laser source launched into the random laser cavity. The static linewidth and frequency noise of the Brillouin fiber swept laser is also characterized, which exhibits a linewidth narrowing by over 100 times as well as ~18 dB frequency noise (FN) suppression compared with the pump laser. Results show that the output power and flatness of the Stokes laser were dependent on the sweeping speed of the pump. Demodulated by an unbalanced Mach-Zender interferometer (UMZI), a continuous sweeping range of ~126.33 MHz was obtained during an observation time window of 100 us.
We present a diffractive network (D2NN) design to all-optically perform distinct transformations for different input data classes. This class-specific transformation D2NN processes the input optical field, generating the output optical field whose amplitude or intensity closely approximates the transformed/encrypted version of the input using a transformation matrix specific to the corresponding data class. The original information can be recovered only by applying the class-specific decryption keys to the corresponding class at the diffractive network's output field-of-view. The efficacy of the presented class-specific image encryption framework was validated both numerically and experimentally, tested at 1550 nm and 0.75 mm wavelengths.
We have proposed a design of a single side-nickel-core optical fiber (SNCF) and fabricated it using direct thermal drawing for the first time. In our scheme, the metallic-silica heterogenous optical fiber structure was firstly designed and theoretically analyzed by COMSOL, and then thermally drawn from a nickel rod in silica tube preform. The transmission loss of the SNCF at the wavelength of 1550 nm was about 2.28 dB/m. Proven by the microscope observation, the nickel could be well distributed in the side-core of the fiber. It was also proven that the magnetic properties of nickel-core were well preserved after the fiber drawing process. The proposed fiber fabrication method and characterization may be extended to a wide range of other metal-silica heterogenous fibers.
In this work, we fabricated a few mode S-shape waveguide with a length of 20 cm by photolithography, the S-shape waveguide is designed with the minimum bending radius of 8 mm and the maximum bending radius of 13.7 mm. The waveguide core size is 15 μm × 10 μm, and the core pitch is 250 μm. The transmission loss of the waveguide is 0.22 dB/cm at 1310 nm and 0.64 dB/cm at 1550 nm, received by a multimode fiber. While, when the output is received with a single mode fiber, the corresponding values become 0.27 dB/cm at 1310 nm and 0.71 dB/cm at 1550 nm. The crosstalk of the waveguide is lower than -40 dB at 1310 nm.
We present data class-specific transformation diffractive networks that all-optically perform different preassigned transformations for different input data classes. The visual information encoded in the amplitude, phase, or intensity channel of the input field is all-optically processed and transformed/encrypted by the diffractive network. The amplitude or intensity of the resulting field approximates the transformed/encrypted input information using the transformation matrix specifically assigned for that data class. We experimentally validated this class-specific transformation framework by designing and fabricating two diffractive networks at 1550nm and 0.75mm wavelengths. The presented framework provides a fast, secure, and energy-efficient solution to data encryption applications.
A distributed optical fiber magnetic field sensor based on polarization-sensitive optical frequency domain reflectometer (POFDR) is proposed. The sensor employs a novel distributed magnetic field measurement method that firstly extracts the magnetic field induced nonreciprocal circular birefringence by the combination of the Stokes vectors and the backward Mueller matrices from the measured state of polarization (SOP). Then, the accumulated Faraday rotation angles can be further calculated to characterize the distribution of the magnetic field. It overcomes the drawback of the conventional POFDR scheme that requires at least two different input SOPs for each sensing. Finally, the aforementioned effectiveness has been experimentally verified by using a single-mode fiber as the sensing fiber. The distribution of a static magnetic field in milliTesla has been successfully measured at a spatial resolution of 0.16 m.
Based on the morphology of the fabricated polymer waveguide, we designed an optical waveguide model with a Gaussianshaped core, and simulated the coupling efficiency with the single-mode fiber and the loss of the bending waveguide at 1310 nm.
Current lens-based optics is limited in dimensions and shapes due to the fabrication process. With the development of 3D lithography in recent years, the polymer-based lens fabricated by direct laser writing based on two-photon lithography shows unique capabilities compared to those fabricated by traditional methods. It shows advantages such as fast writing speed and high resolution. However, for those tiny delicate structures such as resonators and waveguides, the quality will be losing if the speed is too high, besides, it costs time to fabricate large structures. In this paper, we present a promising three-dimensional microfabrication system based on single-photon polymerization using a digital micromirror device with a UV light source at 390 nm. The designed system has a high resolution and it needs shorter time for fabrication. Here, the lenses with different sizes and curvatures are fabricated directly on a single mode fiber tip, for optical fiber imaging system. The paper presents experiment-details of the design of the single-photon polymerization system, fabrication the optical components on optical fiber tip and the results for imaging applications. We demonstrate the optical design and manufacturing using a DMD-based 3D printer for potential applications for optics, fabrication of biosensor and imaging.
The all-optical fiber-based intelligent sensing system is one key technology for acoustic/ultrasonic structural health monitoring. Damages such as cracking or impact loading in civil, aerospace, and mechanical structures can generate transient ultrasonic waves, which can reveal the structural health condition. Hence, there is a great need to develop a high precision adaptive sensor for large-value strain signals with large frequency range that can extent to several hundred kilohertz in ultrasonic/acoustic sensing. In this work, we explore an intelligent system based on a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), composing as a fiber cavity that offers significant advantages and higher performance in ultrasonic/acoustic sensing applications. The ASE light emitted from the EDFA and reflected by a FBG is amplified in the fiber cavity and coupled out by a 90:10 coupler, which is demodulated by an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) composed by a 2×2 coupler and a 3×3 coupler. As the reflective spectrum of the FBG sensor changes due to excited acoustic waves, the shift of the laser output wavelength is subsequently converted into a corresponding phase change. We theoretically and experimentally calculate the three output signals using a differential cross-multiplication (DCM) algorithm to directly demodulate the wavelength shift of the FBG sensor. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed FBG acoustic sensing system has high sensitivity and can respond the ultrasonic waves into the hundreds of kilohertz frequency range, which shows a potential for acoustic emission detection in practical applications.
In this paper, a magnetic field sensor based on Terfenol-D coated optical fibers is proposed and demonstrated. In our scheme, standard single mode fibers are coated by a thick layer of a magnetostrictive composite consisting of Terfenol-D particles dispersed in a polymer, which is then utilized as sensing elements. The magnetic field-induced strain on single mode fibers coated by the Terfenol-D was interrogated by an optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR). The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the magnetostrictive fiber sensor depends on the coating characteristics including the surface of coated optical fiber. The sensitivity of the proposed sensor is 0.175 με/mT.
Vortex beams have attracted attention due to their unique properties and wide applications. In this paper, a novel scheme for generating the first-order orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes based on anti-resonant reflecting guidance mechanism in ring-core fibers (RCFs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. By directly fusion splicing with the standard single-mode fiber (SMF), anti-resonant reflecting guidance of guided-core modes in RCF can be basically motivated. Consequently, the excited modes can well transmit inside the low-refractive-index central core of the RCFs with exhibiting a Gaussian field distribution (defined as the anti-resonant mode, AR mode). Because of different mode coupling coefficients under external pressure on the RCF, these AR modes can be coupled to the HE11 and HE21 modes, respectively. Results show that, by adjusting the polarization state of injected light beams as well as the pressure on the RCF, OAM modes with topological charge numbers of both the positive (L = +1) and negative (L = -1) can be separately generated at efficiencies of 63.2% and 61.7%, respectively
Optical fiber-based smart sensing is a key technology for ultrasound sensing and monitoring applications. It plays a vital role in areas from laboratorial scientific research to the field non-destructive testing. However, the sensitivity of the current optical fiber acoustic sensor is limited. Hence, it is necessary to develop highly sensitive fiber-based sensors for ultrasonic/acoustic sensing. Here, we present a photonic crystal fiber-based Bragg grating sensor, which offers significant advantages and has higher performance for ultrasonic/acoustic sensing applications. In this research, the theoretical investigations of the proposed sensor are presented. The polymer material is utilized for filling into the fiber air hole structure to enhance the sensitivity. The design of the proposed device has been optimized to provide high optical quality factor to ensure high detection sensitivity, which can be used for high sensitive ultrasonic/acoustic sensing applications.
Smart sensors based on optical fibers are popular in recent years, and one of them is optical fiber-based acoustic/ultrasonic sensors, which plays a vital role in areas from scientific research to nondestructive testing. However, as the sensitivity of traditional fiber optic sensors is limited, it is necessary to develop highly sensitive optical fiber-based sensors for ultrasound detection. Here, we present a 3D printed polymer-based Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) directly on a single mode fiber tip. The fabrication is based on femtosecond laser writing through two-photon polymerization. The resolution can reach up to ~100 nm, which is less than 1/10 wavelength within the C-band. The spectral characteristics of the sensors are presented. Due to the properties of polymer materials, the devices have a higher sensitivity to acoustic waves that can modify the length of the cavity, which can be utilized for designing ultrasonic sensors. However, the optical quality of the fabricated FP sensor is lower, which is not suitable for high-frequency ultrasound detection. In this research, we propose a tunable erbium-doped fiber ring laser with the 3D printed FPI, which acts a wavelength filter and a reflector of the fiber ring laser. The stability and thermal variations around the modal interferometers are investigated. The spectra are symmetric with a maximal power difference about 35 dB between the lasing modes and the average of the side mode suppression ratio, which is tuned into the C-band with a resolution of 0.02 nm. An unbalanced interferometer-based demodulator using a PID controller is presented to demodulate the ultrasonic signal, which is applied directly on the fabricated FPI. The results show that this sensing scheme offers low wavelength drift, good signal to noise ratio and high-power stability, and can therefore be used for acoustic sensing applications.
Relative humidity (RH) is an important factor in the field of structural health monitoring, especially during the early stage of corrosion. Many methods have been proposed for humidity sensing, and one of the attractive sensors is fiber-optic long-period grating (LPG) sensors. Unfortunately, the current sensing sensitivity of this kind of sensors is limited. A thin fiber-optic LPG sensor with a self-assembled thin film of PAH + / PAA − is proposed and demonstrated for humidity measurements. The LPG sensor is inscribed in a single-mode fiber using a CO2 laser, and the cladding size is reduced to about 27 μm. It shows that an LPG sensor with a reduced cladding size has an enhanced refractive index sensing characteristic, compared to those with normal cladding size due to the enhancement of the evanescent field. In a next step, selectivity is added to the LPG sensor coated with a film of PAH + / PAA − for functionalization to be sensitive to humidity. The resonance spectral responses of LPGs are experimentally investigated with respect to its sensitivity to a change in humidity that modifies the index of the nanolayer and the cladding, leading to a resonant wavelength shift. The experimental results show that the coated thin LPG has a highly sensitive resonance wavelength shift of −220.75 pm / % RH for an RH variation from 25% to 80%, of which the sensitivity is enhanced thrice compared to those with a normal cladding size. The proposed sensing setup opens LPG structures for a variety of sensing and detection applications.
A novel special waveguide sensor, which is very sensitive to magnetic field, is proposed. This novel special wave guide is combined by two kinds material, YIG polymer and Bi:YIG polymer. The two beam lights counter-propagating in this kind of waveguide can generate large nonreciprocal phase shift. We designed the sensor structure, simulated the propagated characteristic of the structure. Based on the simulations, we concluded that waveguide with the core divided by two half circles can improve the sensitive to the magnetic field which is parallel to the interface of the two semicircles. We design a Sagnac interference demonstration with the light wavelength of 1550 nm, two difference-resonant loops. This sensor with 0.51pTesla-level sensitivity can be used in ultra-low magnetic field detection.
Photonic Floquet topological insulators (PFTI) allow scatter-free propagation of light along its edges. The PFTI of interest consists of helical waveguides arranged in a honeycomb lattice. When irradiated with an input beam on the edge of the PFTI, light propagates from one end of the waveguide-system to the other along the edges. The intensity and the final position of light is theoretically found to be dependent on the difference in the refractive indices of the core and cladding of the waveguides. For a system of helical-waveguides filled with a solvent, the effective refractive index of the system varies with the concentration of the analyte in the solvent and this can be measured by monitoring the position and intensity of the output-light. This paper discusses the design, principle, simulation and fabrication of such a PFTI based biosensor.
With the development of micro/nano-scale fabrication technologies, smart active/passive photonic devices have been fabricated by using silicon/polymer materials, which show great potential applications in photonics and optoelectronics. The current fabrication techniques such as electron-beam lithography give a high resolution, but they are expensive and time-consuming. Here, we present some polymer-based photonic devices fabricated by 3D femtosecond laser writing through two-photon polymerization. The resolution can reach up to ~100 nm, which is less than 1/10 wavelength within the C-band. Hence, the fabricated photonic devices can be used for micro lasing and sensing application. In this research, we show the spectral characteristics of several photonic devices such as phase-shifted Bragg grating waveguides. Due to the properties of polymer materials, the devices have a higher sensitivity on acoustic waves that can modify the geometry of the waveguide and thus induce a change in the effective index of the mode, which can be utilized for designing ultrasonic sensors. Although the fabricated quality is lower than that of photonic devices fabricated by the electron-beam lithography, the results show our fabricated devices can be useful for inexpensive sensors for ultrasound detection, demonstrating the usability of the femtosecond laser writing technique for photonic applications.
Rare earth-doped fiber lasers are interesting in the field of optical fiber lasing and sensing. One of the interesting topics is the tunable/switched multi-wavelength lasers. However, due to the homogeneous broadening gain, it is difficult to generate multiple wavelengths in the fiber lasers based on erbium-doped fibers. Here, we propose a tunable multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on an optical fiber tip Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer, which acts a wavelength filter and a reflector of the fiber ring laser. With the purpose to propose a method for switch multiwavelength spectra, the strain and thermal variations around the modal interferometers are investigated. The spectra are symmetric with a maximal power difference about 25 dB between the lasing modes and the average of the side mode suppression ratio, which is tuned into the C-band with a resolution of 0.02 nm. This laser offers low wavelength drift, good signal to noise ratio and high-power stability, and can therefore be used for sensing applications.
Damage in civil, aerospace, and mechanical structures caused by crack growth and impact loading generate transient ultrasonic waves whose frequency and amplitude can reveal the underlying structural health condition. Hence, it is necessary to find a useful tool based on ultrasonic detection for structural health monitoring. Recently, smart sensors based on gratings such as fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have been shown to be suitable to detect such acoustic waves in structural health monitoring applications. However, the fiber-based gratings as the ultrasonic sensor has limited sensitivity to high frequency ultrasound detection due to a specific grating length and a finite spectrum width. To eliminate this limitation, one improvement has been made by using phase shift FBGs due to their special filtering characteristics. The phase shift FBGs can have a narrower spectral width, which will significantly improve the detection sensitivity. Another big improvement, for example Bragg grating waveguide (BGW) sensor, is to optimize the grating structure using different materials. In this work, we describe a 3D printed-polymer BGW sensor for ultrasound detection fabricated through a two-photon polymerization process. The design and fabrication have been optimized for high detection sensitivity. The results demonstrate the potential application of BGW devices for high-sensitivity ultrasound detection.
High-frequency ultrasonic sensors are an important sensing technology in structural health monitoring applications. Compared with the traditional PZT transducer as ultrasonic sensors, novel ultrasonic sensors based on optical methods such as micro-ring resonators have gained increased attention. These micro-rings can be as small as a few microns in diameter, which improves their sensitivity to high-frequency ultrasound. In principle, acoustic waves irradiating the micro-ring induce strain, changing the dimensions and refractive index of the waveguides via the elasto-optic effect. This leads to a change of the guided whispering gallery modes (WGMs), which are extremely sensitive to change in the ring radius induced by the ultrasound strain field. Based on our prior research, here we present an integrated high-frequency ultrasonic sensor array based on optical micro-ring resonator array fabricated by direct laser writing. The fabrication has been optimized to provide high optical quality factor to ensure high detection sensitivity. The experiments demonstrate the potential of the polymer micro-ring resonator working as a high-performance ultrasonic sensor. Applications of the integrated ultrasonic sensor array for acoustic-emission ultrasound detection are shown.
In this paper, we demonstrate the fabrication of a chemical sensor for 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), based on an opticalfiber- microsphere coated with upconversion nanocrystals functionalized with layers of polyelectrolytes - poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). The design consists of a microsphere, which supports whispering-gallery-modes (WGM), coupled to an optical fiber. The NaYF4-Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals have a bright fluorescence around 550 nm and 650 nm when irradiated with 980 nm, which is enhanced by the WGM. When functionalized with PAA/PAH layers, these nanocrystals can be coated on the microsphere with control over layer thickness. The presence of DNT on the surface of the microsphere quenches the fluorescence as the absorption spectrum of DNT has peaks in 500 - 600 nm. The effect of concentration of the analyte on the magnitude of quenching has been studied. The paper discusses the design, fabrication and characterization of the chemical sensor.
With the development of photoacoustic technology in recent years, ultrasound-related sensors play a vital role in a number of areas ranging from scientific research to nondestructive testing. Compared with the traditional PZT transducer as ultrasonic sensors, novel ultrasonic sensors based on optical methods such as micro-ring resonators have gained increasing attention. The total internal reflection of the light along the cavity results in light propagating in microcavities as whispering gallery modes (WGMs), which are extremely sensitive to change in the radius and refractive index of the cavity induced by ultrasound strain field. In this work, we present a polymer optical micro-ring resonator based ultrasonic sensor fabricated by direct laser writing optical lithography. The design consists of a single micro-ring and a straight tapered waveguide that can be directly coupled by single mode fibers (SMFs). The design and fabrication of the printed polymer resonator have been optimized to provide broad bandwidth and high optical quality factor to ensure high detection sensitivity. The experiments demonstrate the potential of the polymer micro-ring resonator to works as a high-performance ultrasonic sensor.
Damages such as cracking or impact loading in civil, aerospace, and mechanical structures generate transient ultrasonic waves, which can be used to reveal the structural health condition. Hence, it is necessary to find a practical tool based on ultrasonic detection for structural health monitoring. In this work, we describe an intelligent fiber-optic ultrasonic sensing system, which is designed based on a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) used as an adaptive source, and demodulated by an adaptive photorefractive two wave mixing (TWM) technique without any active compensation of quasi-static strains and temperature. As the wavelength of the FBG shifts due to the excited ultrasonic waves, the wavelength of the optical output from the fiber cavity laser shifts accordingly. With regard to the shift of the FBG reflective spectrum, the adaptivity of the RSOA-based laser is analyzed theoretically and verified by the TWM demodulator. Additionally, due to the response time of the photorefractive crystal, the TWM demodulator is insensitive to low frequency-FBG spectral shift. The results demonstrate that this proposed FBG ultrasonic sensing system has high sensitivity and can respond the ultrasonic waves into the megahertz frequency range, which shows a potential for acoustic emission detection in practical applications.
Use of long period gratings (LPGs) formed in grapefruit photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with thin-film overlay coated on the inner surface of air holes for gas sensing is demonstrated. The finite-element method was used to numerically simulate the grapefruit PCF–LPG modal coupling characteristics and resonance spectral response with respect to the refractive index of thin-film inside the holey region. A gas analyte-induced index variation of the thin-film immobilized on the inner surface of the holey region of the fiber can be observed by a shift of the resonance wavelength. As an example, we demonstrate a 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) sensor using grapefruit PCF–LPGs. The sensor exhibits a wavelength blue-shift of ∼820 pm as a result of exposure to DNT vapor with a vapor pressure of 411 ppbv at 25°C, and a sensitivity of 2 pm ppbv−1 can be achieved.
The detection of explosives and their residues is of great importance in public health, antiterrorism and homeland
security applications. The vapor pressures of most explosive compounds are extremely low and attenuation of the
available vapor is often great due to diffusion in the environment, making direct vapor detection difficult. In this paper, a
photonic-microfluidic integrated sensor for highly sensitive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) detection is described based on
an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF). A segment of PCF is inserted between
standard single-mode fibers (SMF) via butt coupling to form a modal interferometer, in which the cladding modes are
excited and interfere with the fundamental core mode. Due to butt coupling, the small air gap between SMF and PCF
forms a coupling region and also serves as an inlet/outlet for the gas. The sensor is fabricated by immobilizing a chemo-recognition
coating on the inner surface of the holey region of the PCF, which selectively and reversibly binds TNT
molecules on the sensitized surface. The sensing mechanism is based on the determination of the TNT-induced
wavelength shift of interference peaks due to the refractive index change of the holey-layer. The sensor device therefore
is capable of field operation.
Smart sensors based on Optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are suitable for structural health monitoring of dynamic strains in civil, aerospace, and mechanical structures. In these structures, dynamic strains with high frequencies reveal acoustic emissions cracking or impact loading. It is necessary to find a practical tool for monitoring such structural damages. In this work, we explore an intelligent system based on a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA)- FBG composed as a fiber cavity for measuring dynamic strain in intelligent structures. The ASE light emitted from a RSOA laser and reflected by a FBG is amplified in the fiber cavity and coupled out by a 90:10 coupler, which is demodulated by a low frequency compensated Michelson interferometer using a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and is monitored via a photodetector. As the wavelength of the FBG shifts due to dynamic strain, the wavelength of the optical output from the laser cavity shifts accordingly, which is demodulated by the Michelson Interferometer. Because the RSOA has a quick transition time, the RSOA- FBG fiber cavity shows an ability of high frequency response to the FBG reflective spectrum shift, with frequency response extending to megahertz.
Corrosion of steel is one of the most important durability issues in reinforced concrete (RC) structures because aggressive ions such as chloride ions permeate concrete and corrode steel, consequently accelerating the destruction of structures, especially in marine environments. There are many practical methods for corrosion monitoring in RC structures, mostly focusing on electrochemical-based sensors for monitoring the chloride ion which is thought as one of the most important factors resulting in steel corrosion. In this work, we report a fiber-optic chloride chemical sensor based on long period gratings inscribed in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a chloride sensitive thin film. Numerical simulation is performed to determine the characteristics and resonance spectral response versus the refractive indices of the analyte solution flowing through into the holes in the PCF. The effective refractive index of the cladding mode of the LPGs changes with variations of the analyte solution concentration, resulting in a shift of the resonance wavelength, hence providing the sensor signal. This fiber-optic chemical sensor has a fast response, is easy to prepare and is not susceptible to electromagnetic environment, and can therefore be of use for structural health monitoring of RC structures subjected to such aggressive environments.
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