Dr. Heike Löchel Profile

Dr. Heike Löchel

at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin

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Publications (2)

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Paper

Spectrometers and monochromators for femtosecond soft x-ray sources

Alexei Erko, Christoph Braig, Heike Löchel

Proceedings Volume 11108, 111080J (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2529155

KEYWORDS: Monochromators, Spectrometers, X-ray sources, Chemical elements, Synchrotron radiation, Zone plates, Optical resolution, Transmittance, Spectral resolution, Optical components

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The interest in ultrafast time resolved spectrometry with soft x-rays considerably increased during the last decade mainly because of the development of new ultra-short pulse sources at large scale facilities, X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) as well as laboratory scale facilities such as laser-produced plasma (LPP), high harmonics generators (HHG), gas jet isolated atto-second X-ray pulse generators (IPP), relativistic oscillating mirror HHG (RHHG) and time-resolved electron-beam micro-analyzers. Fast progress in all areas demonstrated the ability of modern instrumentation even in laboratories, to reach energy ranges of the so-called “water window” and beyond up to 1000 eV with a pulse duration down to several femto-seconds. In opposite to XFEL giants, emitting presently at photon energies up to 20 keV – 30 keV with tremendous power of several GWatt, laboratory sources emit several order of magnitude lower photon flux and need therefore extremely efficient optics for flux and temporal characteristics preservation. Unfortunately, solutions available in UV, such as conical gratings, are no longer applicable in the photon energy range above 200 eV.

Reflection zone plates (RZP) and 2-dimensional variable line spacing (VLS) gratings are serving as a combination of three functions in one optical element (reflection, energy dispersion and focusing). They were used for the development of different types of spectrometers and monochromators with femtosecond time resolution in the soft x-ray energy range. In this paper, we also suggest to combine two identical RZPs placed in opposite orders of diffraction (+1 and -1) for compensation of time elongation of fs soft X-ray pulses down to several fs.

Proceedings Article | 3 May 2013 Paper

The impact of novel 3D diffraction optics development

Alexander Firsov, Maria Brzhezinskaya, Heike Loechel, Frank Siewert, Alexei Erko

Proceedings Volume 8777, 877713 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2021517

KEYWORDS: Optical components, Diffractive optical elements, X-rays, Free electron lasers, Optics manufacturing, Reflection, Crystals, Diffraction, X-ray optics, X-ray diffraction

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Dedicated diffractive VUV- and X-ray optical elements are essential for future developments in synchrotron instrumentation and methods like e.g. time-resolved spectroscopy. The quality of optical components like gratings or diffractive focusing elements matters directly to the results achievable. On the other hand the availability of such optical components is very limited at present. In this contribution we report on the development of new methods of time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy based on novel 3D diffractive optical elements (DOE) with a unique combination of properties. Such optical elements are of highest interest for application in modern synchrotron facilities like Free Electron Lasers (FELs) as well as for laboratory facilities with high harmonic generators (HHG). The project includes theoretical work as well as the development of a dedicated technology, including metrology, to manufacture such type of optics for applications in atomic, molecular and condensed matter physics. The here discussed type of optics was successfully implemented for soft-X-ray-application at the femto-second-slicing beamline at BESSY II storage ring of the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin. DOE are expected to be important components in beamlines at upcoming new high brilliance X-ray sources such as FELs. The application of DOE`s allows to reduce the number of optical elements in a beamline. Thus allow to provide the highest possible transmission and flux as well as preserving the unique properties of FEL´s, like wave-front and coherence.

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