Large-Mode-Area (LMA) fibers are key elements in modern high power fiber lasers operating at 1 μm. LMA fibers are highly ytterbium-doped and require a fine control of the core refractive index (RI) close to the silica level. These low RI have been achieved with multi-component materials elaborated using a full-vapor phase Surface Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (SPCVD) process, enabling the fabrication of large core diameter preforms (up to 4 millimeters). Following the technology demonstration, presented in Photonics West 2017, with results on 10/130 (core-to-clad diameters (in μm) ratio) fibers, this paper aims to present updated results obtained for double-clad 11/130, 20/130 and 20/400 LMA fibers, with numerical apertures at, respectively, 0.08 and 0.065. The study is based on aluminosilicate core material co-doped either with fluorine or phosphorus to achieve optimal radial RI tailoring. The fiber produced exhibit low background losses (<20dB/km at 1100nm) and high power conversion efficiencies, up to 74% for output powers of 100W limited by our test setup. The Gaussian beam quality has been evaluated using the M2 measurement. Photodarkening behavior will be discussed for both fluorine and phosphorus-doped aluminosilicate materials and particularly the use of cerium as co-dopant. The SPCVD technology can indeed be used for the production of Yb-doped LMA fibers. Current development is now focused on other rare-earth doped fibers.
One key parameter in the race toward ever-higher power fiber lasers remains the rare earth doped optical core quality. Modern Large Mode Area (LMA) fibers require a fine radial control of the core refractive index (RI) close to the silica level. These low RI are achieved with multi-component materials that cannot be readily obtained using conventional solution doping based Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) technology. This paper presents a study of such optical material obtained through a full-vapor phase Surface Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (SPCVD). The SPCVD process generates straight glassy films on the inner surface of a thermally regulated synthetic silica tube under vacuum. The first part of the presented results points out the feasibility of ytterbium-doped aluminosilicate fibers by this process. In the second part we describe the challenge controlling the refractive index throughout the core diameter when using volatile fluorine to create efficient LMA fiber profiles. It has been demonstrated that it is possible to counter-act the loss of fluorine at the center of the core by adjusting the core composition locally. Our materials yielded, when used in optical fibers with numerical apertures ranging from 0.07 to 0.09, power conversion efficiency up to 76% and low background losses below 20 dB/km at 1100nm. Photodarkening has been measured to be similar to equivalent MCVD based fibers. The use of cerium as a co-dopant allowed for a complete mitigation of this laser lifetime detrimental effect. The SPCVD process enables high capacity preforms and is particularly versatile when it comes to radial tailoring of both rare earth doping level and RI. Large core diameter preforms - up to 4mm - were successfully produced.
Blue laser based on Neodymium doped strontium lanthanum magnesium aluminoxide
(Sr1-xLax-yNdyMgxAl12-xO19) single crystal were constructed by second harmonic generation. Output power of
1.72 W at 900nm was obtained under 792nm laser diode pump. Intra cavity second harmonic generation were performed
with non linear crystal LBO leading to output power of 76.6 mW at 450nm with absorbed power of 13.7 W and average
absorption efficiency of 61% in Nd:ASL crystal.
Gabriel Buse, M. Velázquez, Philippe Veber, Véronique Jubera, Yannick Petit, Stanislav Péchev, Oudomsack Viraphong, Rodolphe Decourt, Anaël Jaffres, Patrick Aschehoug, Gérard Aka
KEYWORDS: Crystals, Ions, Laser crystals, Single crystal X-ray diffraction, Luminescence, Spectroscopy, Absorption, Near infrared, High power lasers, Laser development
Developing large laser grade cubic rare-earth sesquioxides (RE2O3, RE=Y,Sc,Lu) single crystals doped with Yb3+ ions
stands as one of the most challenging endeavours of today's crystal growth1,2. Recent studies on cubic RE2O3 single
crystals have demonstrated their laser potential and highlighted the extreme thermodynamic conditions in which their
growth takes place1-3. In particular, the laser performances of Lu2O3:Yb3+ crystals make them likely to outperform betterknown
rivals such as YAG:Yb3+ or KY(WO4)2:Yb3+ for 976 nm diode-pumped systems4. Several mm3-sized Yb3+-doped
Y2O3, Gd2O3 and Lu2O3 single crystals were recently grown by a newly designed high-temperature solution growth
method5, and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and
electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Spectroscopic characterizations (absorption and emission cross sections, visible
anti-Stokes emission, fluorescence decays) of these new cubic RE2O3:Yb3+ (RE=Y,Lu) single crystals are presented.
Single crystals of Gd1-xRxCa4O(BO3)3 (R3+ = Sc3+ or Lu3+) with large size and good quality have been grown by Czochralski method. The optical birefringence of Gd1-xScxCa4O(BO3)3 and Gd1-xLuxCa4O(BO3)3 crystals can be controlled by changing the compositional parameter x. The chemical compositions of the grown crystals were determined and X-ray diffraction measurements have been carried out to characterize the structural changes with compositional parameter x. According to our assumptions, the obtained results demonstrate that two of the grown crystals convert the near-infrared radiation of 800nm into blue-violet light (400nm) by type-I noncritical phase-matching (NCPM) second-harmonic generation (SHG) processes along Y axis.
We present the diode pumping of a Nd-doped strontium and lanthanum (Nd:ASL) crystal Sr1-xLax-yNdyMgxAl12-xO19 (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5; y = 0.05) for second harmonic generation around 450 nm. In order to fulfill the pumping requirements of this
crystal, we have developed a high-brightness pump source based on a tapered amplifier in an extended cavity with a
volume Bragg grating for wavelength stabilization. A pump brightness of 110 MW.cm-2sr-1 has been obtained with a
linewidth lower than 80 pm at 798 nm. This laser source has been used to pump a Nd:ASL crystal to obtain 300 mW at
906 nm and 53 mW at 453 nm by intracavity doubling with a LBO crystal.
The high resolution and polarized spectroscopic investigation of Nd3+ in Mg-compensated strontium lanthanum aluminate Srl-xLax-yNdyMgxAl12-x019 (Nd: ASL) function on composition makes possible the elucidation of the nature of non- equivalent centers and enables the selection of composition and pumping conditions that grant the efficient quasi-three-level laser emission around 900 nm. Based on a proper selection of these conditions, 900 nm laser emission with slope efficiencies of 0.74 and 0.84 at 792 nm 4F5/2 and respectively 865 nm 4F3/2 pumping of Nd3+ is demonstrated.
Single crystals of BaNaB9O15 (BaNaBO) and BaCaBO3F (BCBF) have been grown by the Czochralski pulling method in air. These compands were investigated for non linear optical applications and were expected to exhibit an extended transparency window in the ultra-violet. BaNaBO crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric space group R3C (Z=6)[1] Cell parameters of BaNaBO are: a=11.1003(8) Å and c= 17.404(1) Å. The borate anionic network is characterised by a three-dimensional framework built up from [B3O7] rings[1]. The other compound BCBF has a hexagonal structure with P-62m space group (Z=3)[2], its cell parameters are a=9.0489(8) Å and c=4.3257(4) Å. Its basic structural unit is [BO3][2] group. The transmission spectras of the two crystals are reported. The refractive indices were measured by the minimum deviation technique and fitted to the Sellmeier equations. Second harmonic generation (SHG) phase matching angle calculations are presented.
Nd-doped strontium and lanthanum (ASL) crystals Sr1-xLax-yNdyMgxAl12-xO19 (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.5; y = 0.05) were grown by Czochralski pulling technique. Up to 1.67W of 900nm IR output laser power for an absorbed power of 2.53W was obtained under Ti:sapphire pumping at 792nm. Intracavity second harmonic generation experiments led to 320mW of blue laser power at 450nm with a 10mm-long BiB3O6 nonlinear crystal. Other nonlinear crystals were also evaluated such as LBO.
Single crystals of Gd1-xRxCa4O(BO3)3 (R3+ = Sc3+ or Lu3+) with large size and good quality have been grown by Czochralski method. By changing the compositional parameter x of Gd1-xScxCa4O(BO3)3 and Gd1-xLuxCa4O(BO3)3 crystals, their optical birefringence can be controlled in order to achieve non critical phase matching (NCPM) in the ranges of 792-824nm along Y axis and 922-963nm along Z axis, during second harmonic generations (SHG). The chemical compositions of the grown crystals were determined and X-ray diffraction measurements have been carried out to characterize the structural changes with compositional parameter x. The solubility limits of R3+ ions in the Gd4Ca4O(BO3)3 crystals were also determined. Nonlinear optical properties of these new biaxial borate crystals are reported. Experimental determinations of doubled frequencies in NCPM conditions are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
The study of neodymium ions emission along the channel 4F3/2->4I9/2 led us to select several materials for short laser wavelength application. The results obtained with three series of compounds are presented: ABGa3O7 (A = Ca or Sr-B = La or Gd), ABAlO4 (A = Ca or Sr-B = Y, Ln) and AMO4 (A= Ca, Sr or Ba-M = Mo or W). Crystal growth of these hosts and neodymium ions spectroscopic characterizations are presented. Among all these crystals, Nd-doped BaWO4 seems to be the most promising one for laser emission at short wavelength, combining easy crystal growth, short emission wavelength and long lifetime.
The structural data obtained from of high resolution optical spectroscopic investigations on Nd3+, Eu3+ and Yb3+ ions in rare earth calcium oxoborate crystals RCOB, mainly GdCOB and YCOB, but also EuCOB, are compared with those obtained from other studies such as X-ray diffraction or differential thermal analysis. The dependence of non-equivalent center intensities and on R3+ (dopants) ionic radii is in qualitative accord with X-ray diffraction data. The glassy like behavior of 4F3/2 Nd3+ emission under selective excitation, as well as the shift of one line of 5Do → 7F1 Eu3+ emission are explained in terms of cationic structural disorder of RCOB crystals.
The paper discusses the basic possibilities for enhancement of the output power of the self-frequency-doubling devices based on Nd-activated nonlinear crystals, by acting on the factors that determine the intracavity intensity at the fundamental frequency. It is inferred that a very important factor of improvement is the increase of the quantum defect ratio at the fundamental frequency by pumping directly into the emitting level. The relation between the conditions that enhance the intracavity intensity and the frequency-doubling performances is discussed and verified by the marked enhancement of emission at 530 nm in Nd:GdCa4O(BO3)3 with direct pumping at 887 nm.
Strontium lanthanum aluminates crystals (ASL) doped with Nd3+ with formula Sr1-xNdyLax-yMgxAl12-xO19 are interesting crystals for lasers operating in i.r. (~900 nm range) or blue spectral ranges. This paper uses high-resolution spectroscopy, at low temperatures, for investigation of the influence of composition and Nd3+ doping of ASL crystals on emission properties. Preliminary spectral characteristics of two non-equivalent centers were determined. From these data and their dependence on composition, structural models for the two centers are proposed.
The interpretation of complex Yb3+ optical spectra in non-linear gadolinium calcium oxoborate GdCa4O(BO3)3-GdCOB crystals is still contradictory. The electronic structure of two Yb3+ centers in GdCOB is analyzed, including a crystal field parametric calculation for the main center. The possible models for vibronics intensities are discussed. The presence of a minor center whose relative intensity is of ~10%, indepenent on Yb3+ content, and Gaussian line-shapes are connected to the RCOB crystal disordered structure proposed recently from X-ray data.
New aspects of RCOB structure were obtained from Eu3+ absorption/emission spectra in GdCOB and EuCOB host lattices. The spectra of Eu3+ in powders and single crystals are comparatively analyzed. The Eu3+ spectra show at least three non-equivalent centers whose static spectral characteristics were used to assign structural modes. An explanation of the difference between GdCOB: Eu3+ and EuCOB spectra in terms of a disordered occupancy of rare earth and calcium sites is given.
We demonstrate for the first time the use of a new borate crystals: Yb:GdCOB and Yb:BOYS in femtosecond mode-locked oscillators. Pulses as short as 69 fs for the Yb:BOYS and 89 fs for the Yb:GdCOB have been obtained near 1 µm.
Single crystals of the noncentrosymmetric barium borate, Ba2B10O17, have been grown by slowly cooling a stoichiometric melt.The material crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with cell parameters a equals 9.858(1), b equals 9.990(1), c equals 6.706(1) angstrom, (alpha) equals 96.79(1), (beta) equals 106.64(1), and (gamma) equals 76.89(1) degree(s). The structure is a new type characterized by a condensation of B3O8 rings and BO3 triangles. A calculation of the second-order nonlinear susceptibility coefficients on the basis of the orientations of the tetrahedral and triangular borate groups in the rings and triangles has yielded a maximum coefficient of d11 equals 0.2 pm/V. This result is consistent with the measured second- harmonic signal -- 0.5*KDP. Partial solid solubility of Sr in the host -- Ba2-xSrxB10O17 (0 < X
The spectroscopic properties of Yb3+:Y2SiO5 (Yb:YOS) and its laser potential for 1 micrometers emission are investigated. Crystals containing 5% of Yb3+ ions (9.2 X 1020 ions/cm3) with very good optical quality have been grown by the Czochralski process. An energy-level diagram for Yb3+ in this host is proposed, taking into account electron-phonon coupling phenomena. A broad emission, from 0.98 micrometers to 1.1 micrometers , with a lifetime of 1.5 ms have been measured and the laser parameters indicate that this host could be well adapted for high power lasers. In good agreement with the spectroscopic predictions, laser oscillation under Ti:sapphire laser pumping was observed for the first time, on uncoated crystals in a plano-concave cavity. A slope efficiency of 44% and a laser threshold around 160 mW have been obtained. This laser material appears very attractive for the development of new Yb3+ sources.
Large and good optical quality crystal of YCOB and GdCOB were grown from the melt by Czochralski technique. Typically they are 50 mm in diameter and 150 long. We have used the Fresnel formula to calculate GdCOB and YCOB phase matching angle loci for SHG of 1064 nm radiation, in type I and type II configurations. We have used femtosecond broadband pulses to measure the phase matching angels in type I SHG for the three principal planes of YCOB and compared them to the computed values. Different crystals of YCOB and GdCOB were cut and polished in principal plane configurations for type I and type II interactions. Moreover, crystal were also cut by using some SHG configurations selected out of principal planes. All these crystal were used to evaluate in the same conditions, the SHG conversion efficiency of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in relation with the angular acceptance, walk- off angle and the non-linear coefficients which were also determined. The type II configurations give the highest angular acceptance. The high damage threshold and the relatively large angular acceptance of YCOB and GdCOB led to efficiency greater than 50 percent.
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