The advantage of structurally colored materials is their stability and the fact that they can be sourced sustainably. In addition to the challenges of producing high-quality colors, fabrication and patterning are also important issues. Different printing processes are available depending on the area of application. In this paper, we report on recent advances in the fabrication of structurally disordered photonic materials by patterning self-assembled color pigments using inkjet printing and by direct laser writing.
Fluctuating isotropic electromagnetic fields are obtained by considering a large group of plane waves with wave vectors, polarizations and phases randomly distributed and fluctuating on time. Due to the isotropic character of this electromagnetic field, the optical force induced on an electric dipole is, in average, equal to zero. However, the dynamics of electric dipoles on these kind of systems are far from being trivial. In this work we analyze the dynamics of two dipoles using molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, we consider two silver nanoparticles of 5nm radius at Fr¨ohlich resonance. Under these conditions a gravity-like interaction among the two particles is induced. The molecular dynamics numerical simulations show how Keplerian-like trajectories are obtained under these particular conditions
We present an improved Laser speckle imaging approach to investigate the cerebral blood flow response following function stimulation of a single vibrissa. By synchronising speckle analysis with the cardiac cycle we are able to obtain robust averaging of the correlation signals while at the same time removing the contributions due to the pulsation of blood flow and associated tissue adaptation. With our inter-pulse correlation analysis we can follow second-scale dynamics of the cortical vascular system in response to functional brain activation. We find evidence for two temporally separated processes in the blood flow pattern following stimulation we tentatively attribute to vasodilation and vasoconstriction phases, respectively.
To characterize the structural and dynamic properties of soft materials and small particles, information on the relevant mesoscopic length scales is required. Such information is often obtained from traditional static and dynamic light scattering (SLS/DLS) experiments in the single scattering regime. In many dense systems, however, these powerful techniques frequently fail due to strong multiple scattering of light. Here I will discuss some experimental innovations that have emerged over the last decade. New methods such as 3D static and dynamic light scattering (3D LS) as well as diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) can cover a much extended range of experimental parameters ranging from dilute polymer solutions, colloidal suspensions to extremely opaque viscoelastic emulsions.
Jörn Peuser, Andreas Völker, Pavel Zakharov, Frank Scheffold, Abderraouf Belhaj-Saif, Adjia Hamadjida, Eric Schmidlin, Anne-Dominique Gindrat, Eric Rouiller, Henri-Macel Hoogewoud
The nonhuman primate model is suitable to study mechanisms of functional recovery following lesion of the cerebral cortex (motor cortex), on which therapeutic strategies can be tested. To interpret behavioral data (time course and extent of functional recovery), it is crucial to monitor the properties of the experimental cortical lesion, induced by infusion of the excitotoxin ibotenic acid. In two adult macaque monkeys, ibotenic acid infusions produced a restricted, permanent lesion of the motor cortex. In one monkey, the lesion was monitored over 3.5 weeks, combining laser speckle imaging (LSI) as metabolic readout (cerebral blood flow) and anatomical assessment with magnetic resonance imaging (T2-weighted MRI). The cerebral blood flow, measured online during subsequent injections of the ibotenic acid in the motor cortex, exhibited a dramatic increase, still present after one week, in parallel to a MRI hypersignal. After 3.5 weeks, the cerebral blood flow was strongly reduced (below reference level) and the hypersignal disappeared from the MRI scan, although the lesion was permanent as histologically assessed post-mortem. The MRI data were similar in the second monkey. Our experiments suggest that LSI and MRI, although they reflect different features, vary in parallel during a few weeks following an excitotoxic cortical lesion.
We discuss a new approach to laser speckle biomedical imaging with the goal to establish a quantitative link between the
measured signal and the local dynamic properties of Brownian motion or blood flow. We demonstrate that the presence of a
static component in laser speckle imaging signal can significantly complicate the quantitative interpretation of the imaging
data. With Monte-Carlo simulations and model experiments we show that the error in the mean particles velocity extracted
using traditional approaches can reach several orders of magnitude. With a proper data treatment on the other side the error
can be substantially reduced. We suggest a simple data processing scheme that properly accounts for a static component in
the scattered light intensity.
Dynamic Light Scattering together with Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy are common and well acknowledged techniques to study micro and macro dynamics of a complex media. In the past these methods were successfully applied for the characterization of colloidal particles of different kind, foam, sand, interfacial boundaries, blood cells etc. The shape and decay of auto-correlation function (ACF) of scattered light intensity fluctuations are used to study the type and time scale of scatters dynamics. This is usually done by collecting the light by a point-like detector for a time period much larger than the correlation time. But in case of slow or arrested scatter motion the obtained time-averaged ACF may depend on the detector position (non-ergodicity problem). Special averaging techniques required for this case are presented in the current paper.
We study the fluctuations of light multiply scattered by particles under Brownian motion in a fluid. We focus
on the behavior of the time correlation function of the field in the non-diffusive regime, in both transmission
and reflection. In transmission through optically thin systems, an extended Diffusing-Wave Spectroscopy (DWS)
model based on the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) is described, which predicts substantial deviations from
the standard DWS theory. For backscattered light, experiments using unpolarized light show a clear dependence
on the anisotropy factor g. This behavior is not described by the standard DWS theory. A good agreement with
the data is obtained using the RTE model, and an approximate model in which the path-length distribution of
the standard DWS is corrected by a prefactor which depends on the level of anisotropy. These results should
have broad applications in diffuse-light biomedical imaging, and in the field of soft-materials and biomaterials
analysis.
Colloidal liquids usually appear turbid due to the strong multiple scattering of electromagnetic waves from the particles in suspension. As the concentration increases, particle interactions induce positional correlations which generally lead to a reduced optical density (higher transparency). However, the optical properties of a colloidal liquid can be manipulated by tuning the interaction potential between particles. In the presence of repulsive interactions, colloidal liquids show fascinating photonic properties despite their overall disorder. Short range structural order enhances the scattering strength at certain configurations while at the same time the total light transmission shows strong wavelength dependence, reminiscent of photonic crystals. The tunable optical properties of these photonic liquids suggest potential applications such as transparency switches or improved sunblockers. On the other hand the interplay between order and disorder and the scattering properties of these systems are strikingly similar to those discussed in the transport of electrons in liquid metals. Close to the Bragg condition the transport cross section becomes anisotropic and the transmission coefficient is reduced. In materials with high refractive index mismatch such an effect might open an alternative pathway to localization of light.
We introduce a CCD camera detection scheme in dynamic light scattering that provides information on the single-scattered
auto-correlation function even for fairly turbid samples. Our approach allows access to the extensive range of systems
that show low-order scattering by selective detection of the singly scattered light. Model experiments on slowly relaxing
suspensions of latex spheres in glycerol were carried out to verify validity range of our approach.
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