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In this paper, we present results achieved at ISL that demonstrate how single-photon imaging combined with computational methods differs from classical imaging methods. We show how we can extract and reconstruct new, previously unattainable information from scenes.
ISL has investigated passive single photon counting to reconstruct the photon flux imaging the sensor array. We could reconstruct image information and obtained up-scaling by application of convolutional neural networks, reduced noise and motion blur by computer vision algorithms. Finally, we extracted modulation frequencies by Fourier analysis and obtained event-based neuromorphic imaging.
Further, we have studied laser-based active imaging of single photons to measure the round-trip path length of light pulses for ranging and 3D imaging. We have analyzed multi-bounce photon path to estimate the size of cavities and to improve vision through scattering media such as dense fog. Finally, we investigated SPAD sensing for the reconstruction of objects outside the direct line of sight in non-line of sight (NLOS) sensing approaches.
Since 1945, the LRSL, renamed ISL in 1959, maintained a leading position in the domain of high-speed phenomenon. In the beginning of the 60's, the invention of the laser was a true revolution that permits the emergence of new techniques like holography and interferometric holography. With the introduction of semiconductor lasers, ISL has a leading position on range-gated active imaging and deploys a significant research effort in a new emerging domain: computational imaging which includes scientific thematic such as see around the corner, compressed sensing or imaging with multiple scattered photons.
We put in evidence that the penetration depth improvement can drastically vary with the type of obscurant and with the illumination wavelength. For example, it can be improved by more than a factor of 10 for specific smokes to only a factor of 1.5 for water droplet based fog. In this paper, we thoroughly examined the performance enhancement of laser range gating in comparison with a color camera representing the human vision. On the one hand, we studied the influence of the different types of obscurants and showed that they lead to very different results. On the other hand, we examined the influence of the illumination wavelength.
As the global attenuation of an obscurant is the sum of its absorption and its diffusion, we also report on some experimental results in which we tried to separate the influence of each of these two parameters. To demonstrate the influence of the absorption by maintaining the diffusion constant, we worked with the same type of smoke, but with different colors. To work with different levels of diffusion, we maintained the particle material constant and worked with different particle diameters.
In this paper, we report on a new portable and range-gated night-vision goggle in the SWIR spectral region. This goggle will be a useful eye-safe device for surveillance and imaging under all weather conditions. At 1.5 μm, it is well known that human skin appears black making face recognition ineffective. For applications which need facial identification as a legal proof, we implemented a bi-wavelength laser where it is also possible to extract one pulse of light at a second wavelength, where the skin appears with the same reflectance as in the visible spectrum (1.06 μm). After a theoretical analysis, we will describe the goggle technology and show some lab and outdoor recordings.
The system was configured for operation at a wavelength of 1550 nm and measurements were performed using a 26 meter long fog tunnel facility which was filled with obscurants of several different types and densities. The system was comprised of a custom-built scanning transceiver unit, fiber-coupled to a Peltier cooled InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector. A picosecond pulsed laser was used to provide a fiber-coupled illumination wavelength of 1550 nm at an approximate average optical power level of just under 1.5 mW for all measurements.
Bespoke image processing algorithms were developed to reconstruct high resolution depth and intensity profiles of obscured targets in challenging environments with low visibilities. Such algorithms can allow for target reconstruction using low levels of optical power and shorter data acquisition times, thus enabling image acquisition in the sparse photon regime.
The scenario of interest concerns the protection of sensitive zones against the potential threat constituted by small drones. In the recent past, field trials were carried out to investigate the detection and tracking of multiple UAV flying at low altitude. Here, we present results which were achieved using a heterogeneous sensor network consisting of acoustic antennas, small FMCW RADAR systems and optical sensors. While acoustics and RADAR was applied to monitor a wide azimuthal area (360°), optical sensors were used for sequentially identification.
The localization results have been compared to the ground truth data to estimate the efficiency of each detection system. Seven-microphone acoustic arrays allow single source localization. The mean azimuth and elevation estimation error has been measured equal to 1.5 and -2.5 degrees respectively. The FMCW radar allows tracking of multiple UAVs by estimating their range, azimuth and motion speed. Both technologies can be linked to the electro-optical system for final identification of the detected object.
In this paper, we thoroughly examined the performance enhancement of laser range gating in comparison with a color camera representing the human vision. On the one hand, we studied the influence of different types of obscurants and showed that the type of obscurant leads to very different results. On the other hand, we examined the influence of different technical parameters on the laser side and on the camera side. The influence of range gating and of the gate shape was studied. These experiments led us to conclude that it is necessary to combine a short laser pulse with a short camera integration time to acquire contrasted images in dense scattering media.
Theoretical and experimental comparison of flash and accumulation mode in range-gated active imaging
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