Recently, basalt-carbon hybrid composite structures have attracted increasing attention due to their better damage tolerance, if compared with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRP). Low-velocity is considered as one of the most severe threats to composite materials as it is usually invisible and it occurs frequently in service. With this regard, nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques, especially emerging modalities, are expected to be an effective damage detection method. Eddy current-pulsed thermography (ECPT), as an emerging NDT technique, was used to evaluate the damage induced by low-velocity impact loading in a CFRP laminate, as well as in two different-structured basalt-carbon hybrid composite laminates. In addition, ultrasonic C-scan and x-ray computed tomography were performed to validate the thermographic results. Pulsed phase thermography, principal component thermography, and partial least squares thermography were used to process the thermal data and to retrieve the damage imagery. Then, a further analysis was performed on the imagery and temperature profile. As a result, it is concluded that ECPT is an effective technique for hybrid composite evaluation. The impact energy tends to create an interlaminar damage in a sandwich-like structure, while it tends to create an intralaminar damage in an intercalated stacking structure.
In this paper, eddy current pulsed thermography in transmission mode was used to detect the damages caused by low-velocity impacts in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer and basalt-carbon hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer laminates. In particular, different hybrid structures including intercalated stacking and sandwich-like structures were used. The impact energy of 12.5 was used for the evaluation of the impact damage level. Ultrasonic phased-array C-scan was performed for comparative purposes. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the two structures were identified and discussed.
The use of wide frequency band piezoelectric transducers in ultrasonic infrared thermography allows analyzing material structural defects under low power ultrasonic stimulation compared to single-frequency stimulation which is performed, for example, by means of powerful magnetostrictive stimulation. Defect resonance frequencies can be determined through the detailed analysis of material surface vibrations by using a technique of laser vibrometry in a wide range of frequencies. This paper describes the approach to analyze ultrasonic resonances in samples with hidden defects by using resonant piezoelectric transducers. The effectiveness of the method is assessed by discussing some key examples of impact damaged graphite/epoxy composite samples hybridized with flax fibers. Optical and powerful ultrasonic stimulation have been also used as alternative inspection techniques.
In this paper, thermographic inspections, ultrasonic C-scan and terahertz imaging were used to detect damages caused by impacts in natural, non-natural and hybrid composites. In particular, different hybrid structures were used. In some samples, numerical simulations were performed to predict the damage. A comparison of the results based on experimental and simulated experiments were afterwards conducted with the aim to explore the inspection capability of each technique.
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