We present a novel nonlinear microscopy modality using a time-domain ptychographic phase measurement, i2PIE, to compress 80 MHz supercontinuum pulses from an ANDi PCF used as excitation source, improving contrast at reduced average power.
A spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) surface profilometry prototype has been developed for the
purpose of surface metrology of optical elements. The prototype consists of a light source, spectral interferometer,
sample fixture and software currently running on Microsoft® Windows platforms. In this system, a broadband light
emitting diode beam is focused into a Michelson interferometer with a plane mirror as its sample fixture. At the
interferometer output, spectral interferograms of broadband sources were measured using a Czerny-Turner mount
monochromator with a 2048-element complementary metal oxide semiconductor linear array as the detector. The
software performs importation and interpolation of interferometer spectra to pre-condition the data for image
computation. One dimensional axial OCT images were computed by Fourier transformation of the measured spectra. A
first reflection surface profilometry (FRSP) algorithm was then formulated to perform imaging of step-function-surfaced
samples. The algorithm re-constructs two dimensional colour-scaled slice images by concatenation of 21 and 13 axial
scans to form a 10 mm and 3.0 mm slice respectively. Measured spectral interferograms, computed interference fringe
signals and depth reflectivity profiles were comparable to simulations and correlated to displacements of a single
reflector linearly translated about the arm null-mismatch point. Surface profile images of a double-step-function-surfaced
sample, embedded with inclination and crack detail were plotted with an axial resolution of 11 μm. The surface shape,
defects and misalignment relative to the incident beam were detected to the order of a micron, confirming high resolution
of the developed system as compared to electro-mechanical surface profilometry techniques.
A kHz optical remote sensing system is implemented to determine insect melanization features. This is done by measuring the backscatter signal in the visible and near-infrared (VIS-NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) in situ. It is shown that backscatter cross section in the SWIR is insensitive to melanization and absolute melanization can be derived from the ratio of backscatter cross section of different bands (SWIR/VIS-NIR). We have shown that reflectance from insect is stronger in the SWIR as compared to NIR and VIS. This reveals that melanization plays a big role to determine backscatter cross section. One can use this feature as a tool to improve insect species and age classification. To support the findings, we illustrated melanization feature using three different insects [dead, dried specimens of snow white moth (Spilosoma genus), fox moth (Macrothylacia), and leather beetle (Odontotaenius genus)]. It is shown that reflectance from the leather beetle in the VIS and NIR is more affected by melanization as compared with snow white moth.
kHz optical remote sensing system is implemented to determine melanization and backscatter cross-section in the near infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) in situ. It is shown that backscatter cross-section in the SWIR is insensitive to melanization and absolute melanization can be derived from the ratio of backscatter cross-section in two bands (SWIR/NIR). We have shown that insects reflect more strongly in the SWIR as compared to NIR and Visible (VIS) in accordance with previous findings. This is illustrated using three different insects (Snow white moth (spilosoma genus), Fox moth (Macrothylacia) and Leather beetle (Odontotaenius genus)) and it is shown that the reflectance of the Leather beetle in the VIS and NIR is more affected by melanization as compared with snow white moth.
Quantitative investigation of insect activity in their natural habitat is a challenging task for entomologists. It is difficult to address questions such as flight direction, predation strength, and overall activities using the current techniques such as traps and sweep nets. A multispectral kHz remote detection system using sunlight as an illumination source is presented. We explore the possibilities of remote optical classification of insects based on their wing-beat frequencies and iridescence features. It is shown that the wing-beat frequency of the fast insect events can be resolved by implementing high-sampling frequency. The iridescence features generated from the change of color in two channels (visible and near-infrared) during wing-beat cycle are presented. We show that the shape of the wing-beat trajectory is different for different insects. The flight direction of an atmospheric insect is also determined using a silicon quadrant detector.
Quantitative investigation of insect activity in their natural habitat is a challenging task for entomologist. It is difficult to address questions such as flight direction, predation strength and overall activities using the current techniques such as traps and sweep nets. A multi-spectral kHz remote detection system using sunlight as an illumination source is presented. We explore possibilities of remote optical classification of insects based on their wing-beat frequencies and iridescence features. It is shown that the wing-beat frequency of the fast insect events can be resolved by implementing high sampling frequency. The iridescence features generated from the change of color in two channels (visible and near infrared) during wing-beat cycle is presented. We show that the shape of the wing-beat trajectory is different for different insects. The flight direction of atmospheric insect is also determined using silicon quadrant detector.
Optics and photonics research in Africa has gradually grown in the past ten years with a very active optical community involved in state-of-the-art research. Despite relatively low resources, optics research in the continent is competitive with many international benchmarks and has had a significant impact within the African continent. In the past five years, a group of dynamic students have developed the student chapter network from Tunisia to South Africa. The first student chapters of the optical society of America (OSA) and the international society for optics and photonics (SPIE) were established in South Africa (in the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and in the University of Stellenbosch), followed by a chapter in Tunisia (Engineering school of communications of Tunis, Sup’Com). In this paper, we will present the major activities of the student chapters of Tunisia and South Africa, and how they are promoting optics and photonics in Africa.
SLMs used for spatial modulation of lasers are often used in conjunction with very narrow bandwidth laser
light where diffractive dispersion could be approximated as a constant. It is known that diffractive dispersion
is inversely proportional to wavelength and this effect can be compensated for depending on the optical set-up.
SLMs use birefringent liquid crystal (LC) pixels each with an adjustable refractive index at a specific polarization.
The range of the adjustable refractive index is wavelength dependent. This adds an additional SLM dependent
dispersion. Note that we distinguish between diffractive dispersion and SLM dependent dispersion. SLMs are
therefore calibrated in order to have linearly adjustable phase retardation of light incident on the pixels between
zero and two pi for a specific wavelength. It is therefore unavoidable when using the same SLM, to do beam
shaping of a source which emits multiple wavelengths or a wide bandwidth, that the device will not modulate
all wavelengths between zero and two pi. We numerically and experimentally investigate the effect of SLM
dependent dispersion on spatial modulation of light incident on a 2D SLM. We further discuss why it is possible
to modulate multiple wavelengths between zero and two pi despite SLM dependent dispersion.
Few-cycle pulses offer a wide range of interesting applications, for example in time-resolved studies of ultra-fast
phenomena in physics, chemistry and biology. Nonlinear spectral broadening in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) followed
by dispersive compression allows for the generation of extremely short optical pulses. By employing this technique pulse
durations of only 5.5 fs (2.4 optical cycles) have been achieved so far. In this contribution we take advantage of SC
generation in all-normal dispersion PCF (ANDi PCF), which features only positive group-velocity dispersion across the
spectral region of interest. Spectral broadening therefore is dominated by self-phase modulation and optical wave
breaking, leading to smooth and highly coherent SC spectra. We show generation of SC spectra covering more than one
optical octave around 810 nm central wavelength. Active phase control and spectral shaping were employed to compress
the pulses to 3.64 fs (1.3 optical cycles), which is the shortest pulse duration achieved from SC compression in solid core
fibers to date. In contrast to other approaches, the presented concept delivers pulses with an excellent temporal pulse
quality and can be extended to even larger bandwidths to reach the sub-cycle regime, provided an adequate compressor
is employed.
Simulating coherent control with femtosecond pulses on a polyatomic molecule with anharmonic splitting was
demonstrated. The simulation mimicked pulse shaping of a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) and the interaction was
described with the Von Neumann equation. A transform limited pulse with a fluence of 600 J/m2 produced 18% of the
population in an arbitrarily chosen upper vibrational state, n =2. Phase only and amplitude only shaped pulse produced
optimum values of 60% and 40% respectively, of the population in the vibrational state, n=2, after interaction with the
ultra short pulse. The combination of phase and amplitude shaping produced the best results, 80% of the population was
in the targeted vibrational state, n=2, after interaction. These simulations were carried out with all the population initially
in the ground vibrational level. It was found that even at room temperatures (300 Kelvin) that the population in the
selected level is comparable with the case where all population is initially in the ground vibrational state. With a 10%
noise added to the amplitude and phase masks, selective excitation of the targeted vibrational state is still possible.
We numerically investigate supercontinuum (SC) generation in fibers with all-normal group velocity dispersion (GVD)
under femtosecond pumping, including photonic crystal fibers (PCF), optical nanofibers and suspended core PCF. It is
shown that all-normal dispersion (ANDi) fibers are ideally suited to generate extremely flat and more than octave
spanning SC spectra which are highly coherent over the entire bandwidth. Due to the suppression of soliton fission in the
normal GVD regime, the SC spectra are mainly generated by self-phase modulation and optical wave breaking
dynamics, resulting in smooth spectral profiles without significant fine structure. A single pulse is maintained in the time
domain, which can be externally compressed to the few-cycle regime. We present specific design examples of ANDi
PCF for pumping at 1080 nm and extend the concept to optical nanofibers for deep ultraviolet (UV) SC generation at
400 nm pump wavelength as well as tapered suspended core PCF for visible and near UV SC generation at 465 nm and
530 nm pump wavelength. First "proof of principle" experiments confirm the basic findings of the numerical simulations
and show the feasibility of the proposed SC generation scheme.
Infra-red laser beam shaping has the inherent difficulty that simple ray tracing methods often yield anomalous results, due primarily to the propagation effects at longer wavelengths. Techniques based on diffraction theory have been developed to overcome this, with associated parameters to determine when one approach is needed versus another. In this paper, infra-red (IR) beam shaping by diffractive methods is investigated and compared to refractive methods. Theoretical results on the beam shapers are calculated through a combination of analytical and numerical techniques, and using both ideal and non-ideal inputs. We show that the diffractive optical element (DOE) is remarkably resilient to input errors of wavelength and beam quality, while the refractive shaper is found to be difficult to model. Optical elements based on the two approaches were designed, and then fabricated from ZnSe. A comparison between the fabricated elements and the designed elements is presented, and some of the findings on practical problems in having such elements fabricated are highlighted.
A computer model for injection seeding of a high pressure CO2 laser is presented. A rate equation model is used to predict single longitudinal mode (SLM) operation through injection of a cw seed into the resonator cavity. The coupled non-linear differential equations are solved using a Runge-Kutta method. Predictions for the minimum injection power required to produce SLM pulses are made. Detuning off resonance and the effect of the output coupler reflectivity and small signal gain on SLM operation is also considered. Conditions for stable SLM operation through injection of a cw seed are suggested. Single mode operation, even in the detuned case, can be attained due to the homogeneous broadening of the gain, and the rapid growth of the pulse under high gain conditions.
Laser-induced chemistry has received much attention in the past few years. The economics of such applications are dominated by the costs of photons and the quantum yield of the specific reaction. For a typical multiple-IR-photon process the quantum yield can be as low as 10-4 which emphasizes the importance of reducing the cost of laser photons. Based on 1982 technology, CO2 TEA laser operating costs were approximately $100/watt per year for a laser with an electrical efficiency of 6% and an average power of more than 100 kW. Capital costs dominated the energy cost as well as the maintenance and labor costs. At the South African Atomic Energy Corp. we have been involved in the development of high pulse frequency, high average power TEA-CO2 lasers for the application in the field of laser-induced chemistry. Much of the attention, however, has been focused on the application to separate the isotopes of uranium via a multiwavelength infrared irradiation scheme. The progress that has been made towards the establishment of CO2-lasers and laser chains for industrial use has been quite outstanding.
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