The Abbe Sine Condition is a simple and perhaps too-often overlooked principle with important real-world implications, even in the realm of modern optics and fast computers.
Optical designers are being asked to create designs that will perform over larger ranges of environmental conditions. This trend applies to compact aspheric lenses as well as other lens types. One potential athermalization strategy for compact aspheric lens design is to include at least one glass element in the mix of elements in the design. This is a well-known technique, but it leaves the lens designer with some questions. One might ask, are there some rules of thumb for using a glass element? We discuss that question in this paper and provide some potentially helpful guidance.
KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Ray tracing, Point spread functions, Reflection, Wavefronts, Computer simulations, Staring arrays, Spatial resolution, Signal to noise ratio, Reflectivity
It is difficult to accurately calculate the peak irradiance of ghost images that have extremely fine features. We describe a method for determining the peak irradiance of such ghosts using physical optics propagation methods.
By adopting ISO 10110, the benefits of moving towards ISO standards for other affiliated specifications of coatings, environment, system performance and metrology becomes advantageous. A guide to this broader web of ISO standards is needed.
The International drawing standard, ISO 10110, is gaining momentum globally, enabling a broader accessibility between designers and fabricators. Additional ISO standards for optics and photonics are available for requirements beyond the basic notation used for specifying optical element properties and dimensions. For example, a designer will also want to specify environmental conditions for optical coatings or conditions for the entire optical system. The notation used for these requirements are not included in the ISO 10110 series, but they follow a similar coded notation. Specifying these tests may be an additional advantage for many companies in the United States who wish to utilize ISO 10110 for their drawings. Understanding how to specify these tests allows a smooth transition in moving from drawings typically specified in the classic ASME/ANSI Y14.18M standard to a single international standard system.
The international standard for optics drawing notations, ISO 10110, uses a set of coded notations to indicate optical tolerances and requirements to mitigate any ambiguity in an optics drawing. This set of notations can be very confusing for the uninitiated, but once understood, it simplifies communication between designer and manufacturer.
This book provides a foundation for understanding the fundamentals of ISO 10110. It is meant as a guide for users to familiarize themselves with the notation and symbology, leading to a better understanding of the ISO 10110 drawing notation system. Its purpose is to explain not only the ISO 10110 drawing format but also the various other standards that enable a greater understanding and implementation of ISO 10110. Each chapter discusses different subjects of optical properties and tolerances, showing the implementation of ISO 10110 through various examples, each highlighting a separate subject or tolerance on an optical component drawing. A detailed example of an optical system is also provided.
Stray light mitigation is a critical aspect in many optical systems and can be approached in many ways. One method to reduce stray light is to incorporate baffle vanes into a system. To go from an ideal baffle vane to a manufacturable baffle adds complexity in how to mechanically reduce stray light. This paper discusses the manufacturable aspect of baffle vane fabrication in determining the optimal orientation a bevel should have on a straight-vane baffle. Various configurations for bevel orientation were analyzed to provide a deeper understanding of past research.
Imaging optical systems require careful analysis and planning for successful production. Key steps should include evaluating the system sensitivities, manufacturability, and developing and understanding of parameters for tolerancing. In zoom lenses these steps are even more critical due to added complexity. Fundamental zoom lens assessment for manufacturability and tolerancing, including case study information, are discussed.
Effective optics drawings clearly communicate requirements. Increases in the globalization of the optical community have forced the United States to consider transitioning to a single worldwide standard. These changes are reflected in both the optical engineering and fabrication community in learning how to understand a complex standard. The knowledge regarding the nuances of past standards and how they relate to the ISO standard is helpful. The basics of the ISO standard appear complex but are partially. built on past optical drawing standards within the United States. Careful study of both US and ISO optical drawing standards is required for a clear and deep understanding of the standards. Individual company based optical drawing standards may seem independent in form from drawing standards, but they are also variations of past US standards. These changes are reflected by moving from standards such as MIL-STD-34, where notes dominate the print, to more modern standards, such as ISO 10110, where all necessary information is left in an internationally friendly coded notation. Working between these two different approaches, a translational method has been developed to assist engineers in this shift. Converting from a notational-based drawing to a coded notation may seem difficult at first but will ease the communication between all parties involved in designing, fabricating, and testing and optical component or assembly.
Successful fabrication of optics across multiple vendors and countries requires simple communication techniques. Drawing standards have been used across the optics industry in the United States since the 1960s with the implementation of MIL-STD-34 and subsequently ASME/ANSI Y14.18M. Though both standards are now inactive, designers and fabricators continue to use either these standards or modified versions of these standards. Concurrently, much of the international community has moved towards implementing ISO 10110 since the late 1990’s. As standards development efforts continue for optics and photonics in ISO/TC 172 to improve global standardization, understanding how to read and interpret these standards, and notably the optical drawing standard ISO 10110, is critical. This paper discusses how to interpret a single drawing across traditionally-used standards within the United States. Deconstructing the basics of the three standards mentioned allows designers and fabricators to communicate in a single language. Understanding the history and development of optical standards and how they relate can help ease the transition to a single international standard for optical engineers and fabricators within the United States.
Common lexicon in imaging systems includes the frequently used term digital zoom. Of course this term is somewhat of a misnomer as there is no actual zooming in such systems. Instead, digital zoom describes the zoom effect that comes with an image rewriting or reprinting that perhaps can be more accurately described as cropping and enlarging an image (a pixel remapping) for viewing. If done properly, users of the overall hybrid digital-optical system do not know the methodology employed. Hence the essential question, pondered and manipulated since the advent of mature digital image science, really becomes “do we have enough pixels to avoid optical zoom.” This paper discusses known imaging factors for hybrid digital-optical systems, most notably resolution considerations. The paper is fundamentally about communication, and thereby includes information useful to the greater consumer, technical, and business community who all have an interest in understanding the key technical details that have driven the amazing technology and development of zoom systems.
One of the key challenges confronting optical engineers is efficient design form comparison, specifically evaluating cost-effective manufacturability. Traditional methods involve aberration balancing and assessing ray bending to determine the most relaxed design form. Such methods can be effective for experts. However, they only indirectly assess cost, are difficult to explain to non-optical engineers, do not directly relate to tolerances, and do not make any connection to the inherent challenges of holding a set of tolerances. The most desirable means of assessing manufacturability, especially during the early design phase should be efficient, simple to use and understand, and provide capability to directly assess error impact and relative cost. There are a number of ways to approach this challenge. Quite notably, this paper shows that a tolerance grade mapping system is particularly useful due to the balance it brings between its ease of use, flexibility, and detailed relation to cost. Two lens design examples are included that illustrate the method and its ease of use.
Many optical designs have lenses with circular outer profiles that are mounted in cylindrical barrels. This geometry leads to errors on mounting parameters such as decenter and tilt, and component error like wedge which are best modeled with a cylindrical or spherical coordinate system. In the absence of clocking registration, this class of errors is effectively reduced to an error magnitude with a random clocking azimuth. Optical engineers consequently must fully understand how cylindrical or spherical basis geometry relates to Cartesian representation. Understanding these factors as well as how optical design codes can differ in error application for Monte Carlo simulations produces the most effective statistical simulations for tolerance assignment, analysis, and verification. This paper covers these topics to aid practicing optical engineers and designers.
Optical tolerancing simulation has improved so that the modeling of optomechanical accuracy can better predict as-built
performance. A key refinement being proposed within this paper is monitoring formal interference fits and checking lens
elements within their mechanical housings. Without proper checks, simulations may become physically unrealizable and
pessimistic, thereby resulting in lower simulated yields. An improved simulation method has been defined and
demonstrated in this paper with systems that do not have barrel constraints. The demonstration cases clearly show the
trend of the beneficial impact with yield results, as a yield increase of 36.3% to 39.2% is garnered by one example.
Considerations in simulating the realistic optomechanical system will assist in controlling cost and providing more
accurate simulation results.
Infrared detector technology has progressed to include many fused wavebands. This has been
driven by the need of military systems to image over diverse spectrums. Imaging systems can
now operate in both the short wave infrared (SWIR) as well as the long wave infrared (LWIR).
Reflective optics seems like a natural solution to such a large waveband, but they will have
more restrictive size and field of view constraints. This paper will demonstrate the steps to
achieve a Petzval lens with fast aperture and moderate field that is achromatic in the SWIR and
has low axial color in the LWIR. The lens achieves a high resolution solution in terms of
modulation transfer function (MTF).
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