As for all space missions, the limit imposed on the payload mass budget by the launcher is the main driver that forces the
use of very lightweight optics. Considering the International X-ray Observatory (IXO) mission the present configuration
has a mirror collecting area in the order of 3 m2 at 1.25 keV, 0.65 m2 at 6 keV, and 150 cm2 at 30 keV. These large
collecting areas could be obtained with a mirror assembly composed of a large number of high quality glass segments
each being able to deliver the required angular resolution better or equal to 5 arcsec. These segments will form a X-Ray
Optical Unit (XOU), an optical subunit of the telescope, and the XOUs will be assembled to form the whole mirror
system. Based on the INAF-OAB experience in the thermal slumping of thin glass optics, a possible approach for the
realization of large size and lightweight X-ray mirrors is described in this paper.
Moulds made in a suitable material (as for example Silicon Carbide or Fused Silica) and having the suitable (parabolic
and hyperbolic) profile are used for the realization of thin glass Mirror Plates (MP), with dimensions in the range of 200-
400 mm. After a thermal cycle the slumped MPs are characterized for acceptation and handled by means of an active
support using vacuum suction for the integration phase. In this phase an active optical feedback is used to ensure the
correct alignment of the MPs within the XOU. The MPs are then glued in its proper position in the XOU using also
suitable glass ribs for the stiffening of the whole module.
An investigation in the problems and possible solutions to the slumping, measurement, integration and testing of the
glass MPs into the XOU will be given, particularly with respect to a XOU scaled prototype that will be manufactured
and used to assess the technology.
The XEUS mission (X-ray Evolving-Universe Spectroscopy Mission) of ESA, in the present configuration has a mirror
collecting area in the order of 5-6 m2 @ 1 keV, 2 m2 @ 7 keV and 1 m2 @ 10 keV. These large collecting areas could be
obtained with a mirror assembly composed of a large number of high quality segments each being able to deliver the
angular resolution requested by the mission or better. The XEUS telescope will fit in the fairing of an Ariane 5 ECA
launcher and hence its diameter is presently of about 4.5 m. The request in terms of angular resolution of the telescope
has been set to 5 arcsec with a goal of 2 arcsec. Due to the large size of the optics it is impossible to create closed shells
like those used for XMM or Chandra and hence it will be necessary to assemble a large number of segments (for
example of ~0.6 m x ~0.3 m size) to recreate the mirror shells. These segments will form a module, an optical sub-unit of
the telescope. The modules will be assembled to form the whole mirror system. As for all the space missions, the limits
imposed on the payload mass budget by the launcher is the main driver that force the use of very lightweight optics and
this request is of course very challenging. For example, the current design for XEUS foresees a geometric-area/mass
ratio better than about 30 cm2/kg. In this article is illustrated a possible approach for the realization of large size and
lightweight X-ray mirrors that derive from an experience gained from a previous work made in INAF-OAB on the
thermal slumping of thin glass optics. The process foresees the use of a mould having a good optical figure but opposite
shape respect to the segment to be slumped. On the mould is placed an initially flat glass sheet. With a suitable thermal
cycle the glass sheet is conformed to the mould shape. Once tested for acceptance the glass sheet it is then integrated into
a module by means of a robotic arm having a feedback system to confirm the correct alignment. A study on different
optical geometries using the classical Wolter I and Kirkpatrick-Baez configurations has been also performed to
investigate the theoretical performances obtainable with optics made using very thin glass shells.
The SIMBOL-X formation-flight X-ray mission will be operated by ASI and CNES in 2014, with a large participation of
the French and Italian high energy astrophysics scientific community. Also German and US Institutions are contributing
in the implementation of the scientific payload. Thanks to the formation-flight architecture, it will be possible to operate
a long (20 m) focal length grazing incidence mirror module, formed by 100 confocal multilayer-coated Wolter I shells.
This system will allow us to focus X-rays over a very broad energy band, from 0.5 keV up to 80 keV and beyond, with
more than two orders of magnitude improvement in angular resolution (20 arcsec HEW) and sensitivity (0.5 µCrab on
axis @30 keV) compared to non focusing detectors used so far. The X-ray mirrors will be realized by Ni
electroforming replication, already successfully used for BeppoSAX, XMM-Newton, and JET-X/SWIFT; the
thickness trend will be about two times less than for XMM, in order to save mass. Multilayer reflecting coatings
will be implemented, in order to improve the reflectivity beyond 10 keV and to increase the field of view 812
arcmin at 30 keV). In this paper, the SIMBOL-X optics design, technology and implementation challenges will be
discussed; it will be also reported on recent results obtained in the context of the SIMBOL-X optics development
activities.
Minimization of charged particle background in X-ray telescopes is a well known issue. Charged particles (chiefly
protons and electrons) naturally present in the cosmic environment constitute an important background source when
they collide with the X-ray detector. Even worse, a serious degradation of spectroscopic performances of the X-ray
detector was observed in Chandra and Newton-XMM, caused by soft protons with kinetic energies ranging between 100
keV and some MeV being collected by the grazing-incidence mirrors and funneled to the detector. For a focusing
telescope like SIMBOL-X, the exposure of the soft X-ray detector to the proton flux can increase significantly the
instrumental background, with a consequent loss of sensitivity. In the worst case, it can also seriously compromise the
detector duration. A well-known countermeasure that can be adopted is the implementation of a properly-designed
magnetic diverter, that should prevent high-energy particles from reaching the focal plane instruments of SIMBOL-X.
Although Newton-XMM and Swift-XRT are equipped with magnetic diverters for electrons, the magnetic fields used
are insufficient to effectively act on protons. In this paper, we simulate the behavior of a magnetic diverter for
SIMBOL-X, consisting of commercially-available permanent magnets. The effects of SIMBOL-X optics is simulated
through GEANT4 libraries, whereas the effect of the intense required magnetic fields is simulated along with
specifically-written numerical codes in IDL.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.